SEC Filing | Momentus Inc

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mnts-20220930

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)


x			QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2022


o			TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission file number 001-39128

Momentus Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)


Delaware			84-1905538
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)			(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

3901 N. First Street San Jose, California			95134
(Address of Principal Executive Offices)			(Zip Code)

(650) 564-7820

Registrant's telephone number, including area code

Securities registered pursuant to section 12(b) of the Act:


Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Class A common stock	MNTS	The Nasdaq Capital Market LLC
Warrants	MNTSW	The Nasdaq Capital Market LLC

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports); and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes x No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.:


Large accelerated filer	o	Accelerated filer	o
Non-accelerated filer	x	Smaller reporting company	x
		Emerging growth company	x

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If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes o No x

The registrant had outstanding 84,149,721 shares of common stock as of November 4, 2022.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS


			Page
Part I - Financial Information			5
Item 1. Unaudited Condensed Cons oli dated Financial Statements			5
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets			5
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations			6
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit)			7
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows			9
Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements			10
Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations			37
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk			58
Item 4. Controls and Procedures			59
Part II - Other Information			60
Item 1. Legal Proceedings			60
Item 1A. Risk Factors			60
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds			64
Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities			64
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures			64
Item 5. Other Information			64
Item 6. Exhibits			65
Signatures			66

CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (this “Form 10-Q”), including, without limitation, statements under the headings "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations," includes forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, (the "Securities Act") and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, (the "Exchange Act"). Generally, statements that are not historical facts, including statements concerning Momentus Inc.’s (the “Company,” “Momentus,” “we,” “us,” or “our”) possible or assumed future actions, business strategies, events, or results of operations, are forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements can be identified by the use of forward-looking terminology, including the words "believes," "estimates," "anticipates," "expects," "intends," "plans," "may," "will," "potential," "projects," "predicts," "continue," or "should," or, in each case, their negative or other variations or comparable terminology, but the absence of these words does not mean that a statement is not forward-looking. There can be no assurance that actual results will not materially differ from expectations.

The forward-looking statements contained in this Form 10-Q are based on our current expectations and beliefs concerning future developments and their potential effects on us. Future developments affecting us may not be those that we have anticipated. These forward-looking statements involve a number of risks, uncertainties (some of which are beyond our control) and other assumptions that may cause actual results or performance to be materially different from those expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. These risks and uncertainties include, without limitation, the ability of the Company to obtain licenses and government approvals for its missions, which are essential to its operations; the ability of the Company to effectively market and sell satellite transport services and planned in-orbit services; the ability of the Company to protect its intellectual property and trade secrets; the development of markets for satellite transport and in-orbit services; the ability of the Company to develop, test and validate its technology, including its water plasma propulsion technology; delays or impediments that the Company may face in the development, manufacture and deployment of next generation satellite transport systems; the ability of the Company to convert backlog or inbound inquiries into revenue; changes in applicable laws or regulations and extensive and evolving government regulations that impact operations and business, including export control license requirements; the ability to attract or maintain a qualified workforce with the required security clearances and requisite skills; level of product service or product or launch failures or delays that could lead customers to use competitors’ services; investigations, claims, disputes, enforcement actions, litigation and/or other regulatory or legal proceedings; the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Company’s business; the Company’s ability to comply with the terms of its National Security Agreement (the “NSA”) and any related compliance measures instituted by the director who was approved by the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (“CFIUS”) Monitoring Agencies (the “Security Director”); the possibility that the Company may be adversely affected by other economic, business, and/or competitive factors; and/or other risks and uncertainties

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described under Part II, Item 1A: "Risk Factors," in this Form 10-Q and under Part I, Item 1A. in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 9, 2022. Should one or more of these risks or uncertainties materialize, or should any of our assumptions prove incorrect, actual results may vary in material respects from those projected in these forward-looking statements. We undertake no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events, or otherwise, except as may be required under applicable securities laws. These risks and others described under Part II, Item 1A: "Risk Factors," in this Form 10-Q and under Part I, Item 1A in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 9, 2022, may not be exhaustive.

By their nature, forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties because they relate to events and depend on circumstances that may or may not occur in the future. We caution you that forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and that our actual results of operations, financial condition and liquidity, and developments in the industry in which we operate may differ materially from those made in or suggested by the forward-looking statements contained in this Form 10-Q. These statements are inherently uncertain and investors are cautioned not to unduly rely upon these statements. In addition, even if our results or operations, financial condition and liquidity, and developments in the industry in which we operate are consistent with the forward-looking statements contained in this Form 10-Q, those results or developments may not be indicative of results or developments in subsequent periods.

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ITEM 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

MOMENTUS INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(in thousands)


	September 30, 2022		December 31, 2021
	(unaudited)
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	81,570	$	160,036
Restricted cash, current	287		197



Prepaids and other current assets	10,939		9,431
Total current assets	92,796		169,664
Property, machinery and equipment, net	4,333		4,829
Intangible assets, net	343		349
Operating right of use asset	6,715		7,604
Deferred offering costs	309		—
Restricted cash, non-current	310		314
Other non-current assets	3,894		3,065
Total assets	$	108,700	$	185,825

LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Accounts payable	$	1,596	$	1,911
Accrued expenses	7,881		9,785
Loan payable, current	10,844		20,907
Contract liabilities, current	1,226		—
Operating lease liability, current	1,140		1,189
Stock repurchase liability	10,000		—
Other current liabilities	110		5,075
Total current liabilities	32,797		38,867
Contract liabilities, non-current	1,178		1,554
Loan payable, non-current	5,583		—
Warrant liability	2,367		5,749

Operating lease liability, non-current	6,425		7,284
Other non-current liabilities	459		483
Total non-current liabilities	16,012		15,070
Total liabilities	48,809		53,937
Commitments and Contingencies (Note 12)
Stockholders’ equity:
Common stock, $0.00001 par value; 250,000,000 shares authorized and 83,984,571 issued and outstanding as of September 30, 2022; 250,000,000 shares authorized and 81,211,781 issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2021	1		1
Additional paid-in capital	339,576		340,570

Accumulated deficit	(279,686)		(208,683)
Total stockholders’ equity	59,891		131,888
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	108,700	$	185,825

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements

The balance sheet as of December 31, 2021 has been derived from the audited financial statements as of that date

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MOMENTUS INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

(UNAUDITED)

(in thousands, except per share data)


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Service revenue	$	129	$	200	$	179	$	330
Cost of revenue	14		(184)		26		(135)
Gross margin	115		384		153		465
Operating expenses:
Research and development expenses	10,571		9,047		31,438		39,747
Selling, general and administrative expenses	11,184		12,057		38,898		35,802
Total operating expenses	21,755		21,104		70,336		75,549
Loss from operations	(21,640)		(20,721)		(70,183)		(75,084)

Other income (expense):
Decrease in fair value of SAFE notes	—		26,924		—		209,291
Decrease (increase) in fair value of warrants	1,579		(2,712)		3,382		9,826
Realized loss on disposal of asset	(45)		—		(114)		—
Interest income	28		—		33		2
Interest expense	(1,261)		(4,328)		(4,166)		(8,685)
SEC settlement	—		—		—		(7,000)
Other income (expense)	41		(4,778)		44		(4,965)
Total other income (expense)	342		15,107		(821)		198,469
(Loss) Income before income taxes	(21,298)		(5,614)		(71,004)		123,385
Income tax provision	—		—		—		1
Net (loss) income	$	(21,298)	$	(5,614)	$	(71,004)	$	123,384
Net (loss) income per share, basic	$	(0.26)	$	(0.09)	$	(0.88)	$	2.06
Net (loss) income per share, diluted	$	(0.26)	$	(0.09)	$	(0.88)	$	1.92
Weighted average shares outstanding, basic	82,066,795		60,589,566		81,122,541		59,873,199
Weighted average shares outstanding, diluted	82,066,795		60,589,566		81,122,541		64,232,537

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements

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MOMENTUS INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (DEFICIT)

(UNAUDITED)

(in thousands, except share data)


	Three and nine months ended September 30, 2022
	Preferred stock			FF Preferred stock			Common stock – Class A			Common stock – Class B			Common stock – Class A		Additional paid in capital			Accumulated deficit		Total stockholders’ equity
	Shares	Amount		Shares	Amount		Shares	Amount		Shares	Amount			Shares			Amount
Balance, December 31, 2021	—	$	—	—	$	—	—	$	—	—	$	—		81,211,781	$	1		$	340,570	$	(208,683)	$	131,888
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options	—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—			170,751	—			48		—		48
Issuance of common stock upon vesting of RSUs	—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—			113,710	—			—		—		—
Share repurchase related to Section 16 Officer tax coverage exchange	—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—			(18,673)	—			(59)		—		(59)
Stock-based compensation	—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—			—	—			2,212		—		2,212
Stock repurchase valuation adjustment	—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—			—	—			(6,000)		—		(6,000)
Shares issued upon exercise of warrant	—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—			278,146	—			—		—		—
Net loss	—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—			—	—			—		(26,834)		(26,834)
Balance, March 31, 2022	—	$	—	—	$	—	—	$	—	—	$	—		81,755,715	$	1		$	336,771	$	(235,517)	$	101,255
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options	—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—			1,294,668	—			345		—		345
Issuance of common stock upon vesting of RSUs	—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—			149,953	—			—		—		—
Issuance of common stock upon purchase of ESPP	—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—			77,162	—			190		—		190
Share repurchase related to Section 16 Officer tax coverage exchange	—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—			(12,666)	—			(38)		—		(38)
Stock-based compensation	—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—			—	—			3,105		—		3,105
Stock repurchase valuation adjustment	—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—			—	—			220		—		220
Net loss	—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—			—	—			—		(22,872)		(22,872)
Balance, June 30, 2022	—	$	—	—	$	—	—	$	—	—	$	—		83,264,832	$	1		$	340,593	$	(258,389)	$	82,205
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options	—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—			482,551	—			124		—		125
Issuance of common stock upon vesting of RSUs	—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—			326,758	—			—		—		—

Share repurchase related to Section 16 Officer tax coverage exchange	—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—			(89,570)	—			(168)		—		(168)
Stock-based compensation	—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—			—	—			3,247		—		3,247
Stock repurchase valuation adjustment	—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—			—	—			(4,220)		—		(4,220)
Net loss	—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—			—	—			—		(21,298)		(21,298)
Balance, September 30, 2022	—	$	—	—	$	—	—	$	—	—	$	—		83,984,571	$	1		$	339,576	$	(279,686)	$	59,891

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	Three and nine months ended September 30, 2021
	Preferred stock			FF Preferred stock			Common stock – Class A			Common stock – Class B			Common stock – Class A		Additional paid in capital			Accumulated deficit		Total stockholders’ equity (deficit)
	Shares	Amount		Shares	Amount		Shares	Amount		Shares	Amount			Shares			Amount
Balance, December 31, 2020	144,875,941	—		20,000,000	—		18,398,005	—		70,000,000	—			—	$	—		$	39,866	$	(329,338)	$	(289,472)
Retroactive application of recapitalization	(144,875,941)	—		(20,000,000)	—		(18,398,005)	—		(70,000,000)	—			62,510,690	1			—		—		—
Balance, December 31, 2020, as adjusted	—	$	—	—	$	—	—	$	—	—	$	—		62,510,690	$	1		$	39,866	$	(329,338)	$	(289,472)
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options	—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—			270,582	—			24		—		24
Stock-based compensation	—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—			—	—			5,768		—		5,768
Net income	—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—			—	—			—		64,671		64,671
Balance, March 31, 2021	—	$	—	—	$	—	—	$	—	—	$	—		62,781,272	$	1		$	45,658	$	(264,667)	$	(219,009)
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options	—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—			39,515	—			11		—		11
Stock-based compensation	—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—			—	—			2,344		—		2,344
Stock repurchase	—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—			(25,601,733)	—			(22,000)				(22,000)
Net income	—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—			—	—			—		64,327		64,327
Balance, June 30, 2021	—	$	—	—	$	—	—	$	—	—	$	—		37,219,054	$	—		$	26,013	$	(200,340)	$	(174,326)
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options	—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—			966,827	—			245		—		245
Stock-based compensation	—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—			—	—			3,075		—		3,075
Warrant conversion upon exercise	—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—			638,125	—			6,999		—		6,999
Shares issued upon conversion of SAFE Notes	—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—			12,403,469	—			136,001		—		136,001
Stock repurchase	—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—			—	—			(18,000)		—		(18,000)
Issuance of common stock and warrants, in connection with PIPE	—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—			11,000,000	—			75,114		—		75,114
Issuance of common stock and warrants, net of transaction costs, upon merger	—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—			18,352,757	—			104,022		—		104,022
Net loss	—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—			—	—			—		(5,614)		(5,614)
Balance, September 30, 2021	—	$	—	—	$	—	—	$	—	—	$	—		80,580,232	$	—		$	333,471	$	(205,954)	$	127,518

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements

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MOMENTUS INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(UNAUDITED)

(in thousands)


	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2022		2021
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net (loss) income	$	(71,004)	$	123,384
Adjustments to reconcile net (loss) income to net cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	831		768
Amortization of debt discount and issuance costs	2,114		6,935
Amortization of right-of-use asset	889		971
Decrease in fair value of warrants	(3,382)		(9,826)
Decrease in fair value of SAFE notes	—		(209,291)
Impairment of prepaid launch costs	—		9,450
Loss on disposal of fixed and intangible assets	121		—
Stock-based compensation expense	8,564		11,187

Changes in operating assets and liabilities:

Prepaids and other current assets	(1,571)		(15,350)
Other non-current assets	(901)		(677)
Accounts payable	(328)		4,357
Accrued expenses	(1,873)		4,546
Accrued interest	92		—
Other current liabilities	(4,967)		4,829
Contract liabilities	851		(1,071)

Lease liability	(908)		(115)
Other non-current liabilities	(23)		5
Net cash used in operating activities	(71,495)		(69,897)

Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchases of property, machinery and equipment	(618)		(2,835)
Proceeds from sale of property, machinery and equipment	7		—
Purchases of intangible assets	(30)		(16)
Net cash used in investing activities	(641)		(2,852)

Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from issuance of SAFE notes	—		30,853
Proceeds from issuance of loan payable	—		25,000
Proceeds from exercise of stock options	517		278
Proceeds from employee stock purchase plan	190		—
Repurchase of Section 16 Officer shares for tax coverage exchange	(265)		—
Payment of loan payable	(6,686)		—
Payment of debt issuance costs	—		(144)
Payment of warrant issuance costs	—		(31)
Payment for repurchase of common shares	—		(40,000)
Proceeds from issuance of common shares in PIPE	—		110,000
Payments of issuances costs related to PIPE	—		(4,416)
Proceeds from issuance of common stock upon Business Combination	—		128,167
Payments for issuance costs related to Business Combination	—		(21,285)
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities	(6,244)		228,421

(Decrease) Increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	(78,380)		155,672
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of period	160,547		23,520
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of period	$	82,167	$	179,191

Supplemental disclosure of non-cash investing and financing activities
Issuance of common stock related to conversion of SAFE notes	$	—	$	136,001
Issuance of common stock related to exercise of warrant liabilities	$	—	$	6,999
Reclassification of deferred offering costs	$	—	$	2,610
Deferred offering costs in accounts payable and accrued expenses at period end	$	238	$	—

Assumption of merger warrants liability	$	—	$	31,225
Operating lease right-of-use assets in exchange for lease obligations	$	—	$	8,501
Stock repurchase liability fair value	$	10,000	$	—

Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information
Cash paid for income taxes	$	—	$	1
Cash paid for interest	$	1,960	$	1,750

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements

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MOMENTUS INC.

NOTES TO THE CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Note 1. Nature of Operations

The Company

Momentus Inc. (together with its consolidated subsidiaries “Momentus” or the “Company”) is a U.S. commercial space company that offers in-space infrastructure services, including in-space transportation, hosted payloads and in-orbit services. Momentus believes it can make new ways of operating in space possible with its planned in-space transfer and service vehicles that will be powered by an innovative water plasma-based propulsion system that is under development.

On May 4, 2022, the Company received a favorable determination from the Federal Aviation Administration (the “FAA”) of its application for payload review, which was the final regulatory milestone needed to support the Company’s inaugural flight of the Vigoride orbital service vehicle (Vigoride 3) in May 2022. The FAA favorable determination followed a license from the Federal Communications Commission (the “FCC”) received on April 28, 2022, and updates to existing licenses from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (the “NOAA”).

On May 25, 2022, the Company launched its first demonstration flight of the Vigoride spacecraft (Vigoride 3) to low-earth orbit aboard the SpaceX Transporter-5 mission. In addition to Vigoride, Momentus used a second port on the same SpaceX mission to fly a third-party deployer from a partner company. On May 25, 2022, Momentus used the third-party deployer to place its first customer satellite in orbit.

On May 26, 2022, upon establishing two-way contact between the Vigoride spacecraft in low-earth orbit and a ground station on Earth, Momentus discovered that the Vigoride spacecraft had experienced certain anomalies after its launch, primarily relating to its deployable solar arrays, which provide power to the spacecraft and its subsystems. Since that time, the Company has been working to address the anomalies, identify root causes and pursue solutions to be implemented in advance of future missions.

The Company has determined that the Vigoride spacecraft's deployable solar arrays, which are produced by a third party, and are folded and stowed during launch, did not operate as intended once in orbit. This resulted in low power and communications issues with the spacecraft. Meanwhile, the spacecraft's fixed, body-mounted solar panels appear to be working as intended and are providing some power to the spacecraft. The Company has been working closely with the producer of the solar arrays and has identified a mechanical issue as the root cause of the deployable arrays not operating as intended. The Company also believes that it has identified the root cause of the anomalies that it experienced with other spacecraft systems during the low-power state.

On May 28, 2022, Momentus was able to deploy two customer satellites from Vigoride 3 (of nine total customer satellites onboard Vigoride 3). The Company then continued efforts to deploy other customer satellites.

While Momentus initially established two-way communications with the Vigoride spacecraft, it has not been able to continue such two-way communication given the spacecraft's low-power state. Momentus has been using an unplanned frequency to work through the anomalies and applied for a 30-day Special Temporary Authority (“STA”) from the FCC to properly comply with the FCC’s radio frequency transmission requirements. On June 9, 2022, the Company received approval of a 30-day STA from the FCC as requested, which the FCC extended for an additional 30 days on July 13, 2022. Momentus has continued to apply for 30-day extensions for its STA, which the FCC has granted, most recently on October 20, 2022.

While Momentus has not been able to re-establish two-way communication with the Vigoride spacecraft, it has continued to broadcast commands to the spacecraft from ground stations on Earth, including commands to deploy customer satellites. Additionally, the Vigoride spacecraft is equipped with a mechanism designed to autonomously deploy customer satellites in the event that the spacecraft loses communications with ground stations.

During the third quarter of 2022, the Vigoride spacecraft deployed five additional customer satellites including two on July 17, 2022, two on July 29, 2022, and one at the end of August 2022. Momentus has now deployed a total of eight customer satellites in low-earth orbit, comprising seven satellites from Vigoride 3 and one satellite from the third-party deployer system.

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MOMENTUS INC.

NOTES TO THE CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

While Momentus is continuing efforts to address the anomalies experienced by the Vigoride 3 spacecraft during its inaugural mission and to deploy the three remaining customer satellites, the Company’s level of confidence that it will be able to perform some planned operations of the vehicle on this test and demonstration mission has substantially declined. The Company is working to incorporate improvements identified during the current mission in advance of its planned follow-on missions.

The Company anticipates flying its second Vigoride vehicle to low-earth orbit on a third-party launch provider as early as December 2022. All future missions remain subject to the receipt of licenses and government approvals, and successful completion of our efforts to prepare our spacecraft for flight. The Company can offer no assurances that the vehicles that it plans to operate in future missions will be ready on time, or that they will operate as intended. Refer to “Risk Factors — We may not receive all required governmental licenses and approvals,” and “Risk Factors — We are dependent on the successful development of our satellite vehicles and related technology,” under Part II, Item 1A: "Risk Factors," in this Form 10-Q and under Part I, Item 1A in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 9, 2022.

Background and Business Combination

On August 12, 2021, the Company consummated a merger pursuant to certain Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated October 7, 2020, and as amended on March 5, 2021, April 6, 2021, and June 29, 2021 (the “Merger Agreement”), by and among Stable Road Acquisition Corp (“SRAC”), Project Marvel First Merger Sub, Inc., a Delaware corporation and a direct, wholly owned subsidiary of SRAC (the “First Merger Sub”), and Project Marvel Second Merger Sub, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company and a direct, wholly owned subsidiary of SRAC (the “Second Merger Sub”), pursuant to which the First Merger Sub merged with and into Momentus Inc., a Delaware corporation (“Legacy Momentus”), with Legacy Momentus as the surviving corporation of the First Merger Sub, and immediately following which Legacy Momentus merged with and into the Second Merger Sub, with the Second Merger Sub as the surviving entity (the “Business Combination”). In connection with the closing of the Business Combination (the “Closing”), the Company changed its name from Stable Road Acquisition Corp. to Momentus Inc., and Legacy Momentus changed its name to Momentus Space, LLC.

The Business Combination was accounted for as a reverse recapitalization under ASC Topic 805, Business Combinations, ("ASC 805") in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”). Under this method of accounting, SRAC, who was the legal acquirer, is treated as the “acquired” company for financial reporting purposes and Legacy Momentus is treated as the accounting acquirer. Accordingly, for accounting purposes, the Business Combination is treated as the equivalent of a capital transaction in which Legacy Momentus issued stock for the net assets of SRAC, with no goodwill or other intangible assets recorded, and Legacy Momentus’ financial statements became those of the Company. Reported shares and earnings per share available to holders of the Company’s Common Stock, prior to the Business Combination, have been retroactively restated as shares reflecting the exchange ratio established in the Business Combination. See Note 3 for more information.

Pursuant to the Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Company, at the Closing, each share of SRAC’s Class B Common Stock, par value $0.0001 per share (the “Class B Common Stock”), converted into one share of SRAC’s Class A Common Stock. After the Closing and following the effectiveness of the Second Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Company, each share of Class A Common Stock was automatically reclassified, redesignated and changed into one validly issued, fully paid and non-assessable share of the Company’s Common Stock, par value $0.00001 per share (“Common Stock”), without any further action by the Company or any stockholder thereof.

Prior to the Business Combination, SRAC’s units, public shares, and public warrants were listed on the Nasdaq under the symbols “SRACU,” “SRAC,” and “SRACW,” respectively. On August 13, 2021, the Company's Common Stock and public warrants began trading on the Nasdaq, under the symbols “MNTS” and “MNTSW,” respectively.

On October 7, 2020 and July 15, 2021, SRAC entered into subscription agreements with certain investors (the “PIPE Investors”) to which such investors collectively subscribed for an aggregate of 11,000,000 shares of the Company’s Common Stock at $10.00 per share for aggregate gross proceeds of $110.0 million (the “PIPE Investment”). The PIPE Investors were also granted an equal number of private warrants to purchase the Company’s Common Stock at $11.50 per share. The warrants were recorded as a derivative liability under ASC Topic 815, Derivatives and

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Hedging, (“ASC 815”) and the warrant liability was initially valued at $30.5 million. See Note 11 for more information. The PIPE Investment was consummated concurrently with the closing of the Business Combination.

Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Unaudited Interim Financial Information

The accompanying interim unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with GAAP and pursuant to the rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP have been condensed or omitted pursuant to such rules and regulations. The balance sheet as of December 31, 2021 was derived from the Company’s audited financial statements but does not include all disclosures required by GAAP for audited financial statements. Any reference in these notes to applicable guidance is meant to refer to the authoritative GAAP as found in the Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) and Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) of the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the “FASB”).

The unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared on the same basis as the audited financial statements. In the opinion of the Company’s management, the accompanying unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements contain all adjustments that are necessary to present fairly the Company’s financial position as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the results of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, the statement of stockholders’ equity (deficit) for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, and cash flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021. Such adjustments are of a normal and recurring nature. The results for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 are not necessarily indicative of the results for the year ending December 31, 2022, or for any future period. These interim condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited financial statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, filed with the SEC in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed by the Company on March 9, 2022.

Basis of Presentation

The Business Combination was accounted for as a reverse recapitalization in accordance with GAAP. Under this method of accounting, SRAC is treated as the acquired company and Momentus Inc. is treated as the acquirer for financial statement reporting purposes (the “Combined Company”). Momentus Inc. was determined to be the accounting acquirer as Momentus Inc.'s stockholders prior to the Merger had the greatest voting interest in the combined entity, Momentus Inc. comprises all of the ongoing operations, and Momentus Inc.'s senior management directs operations of the combined entity.

Accordingly, for accounting purposes, the financial statements of the Combined Company represent a continuation of the financial statements of Momentus with the acquisition being treated as the equivalent of Momentus issuing stock for the net assets of SRAC, accompanied by a recapitalization. The net assets of SRAC are recorded at historical cost, with no goodwill or other intangible assets recorded.

One-time direct and incremental transaction costs incurred by the Company were recorded based on the activities to which the costs relate and the structure of the transaction; cost allocated to the issuance of equity were recorded as a reduction of the amount of equity raised, presented in additional paid in capital, while all costs allocated to the liability classified warrants were charged to expense.

In connection with the Business Combination, outstanding units of Legacy Momentus were converted into Common Stock of the Company, par value $0.00001 per share, representing a recapitalization. Momentus is deemed to be the predecessor of the Company, and the consolidated assets and liabilities and results of operations prior to the date of the Closing (the “Closing Date”) are those of Momentus. The shares and corresponding capital amounts and net (loss) income per share available to common stockholders, prior to the Business Combination, have been retroactively restated as shares reflecting the exchange ratio established in the Merger Agreement.

Reclassifications

During the three months ended September 30, 2022, the Company reclassified certain cloud computing implementation costs from intangible assets to prepaid and other current assets, and other non-current assets to properly present the capitalized costs with their related subscription fees. In accordance with ASC 350 Intangibles,

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Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (cont.)

the Company presents capitalized implementation costs for cloud computing arrangements within the same line item that the prepayment of these fees would be presented. The reclassification was determined to be immaterial and will be accounted for prospectively.

During the fourth quarter of 2021, we modified the presentation of cash flows related to the Business Combination. The presented impact of the issuance costs allocated to expense (described in Note 3), was moved into the issuance costs line. Additionally the presentation of capitalized issuance costs which were paid during the two quarters prior to the Business Combination was updated to present those expenditures within cash flows from financing activities, rather than cash flows from operations.

Certain other reclassifications have been made to the prior year’s financial statements to conform to the current year’s presentation. None of the reclassifications have changed the total assets, liabilities, stockholders’ equity (deficit), income, expenses or net losses previously reported.

Principles of Consolidation

The condensed consolidated financial statements include the financial statements of all the subsidiaries. All inter-company transactions and balances have been eliminated upon consolidation.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Management bases its estimates on historical experience and on various other factors it believes to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities. Accordingly, actual results could differ from those estimates. Significant estimates inherent in the preparation of the financial statements include, but are not limited to, accounting for useful lives of property, machinery and equipment, net, intangible assets, net, accrued liabilities, income taxes including deferred tax assets and liabilities, impairment valuation, stock-based awards, Simple Agreement for Future Equity (“SAFE”) notes, warrant liabilities and repurchase liabilities.

COVID-19 Pandemic

As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, the U.S. government and various states implemented quarantine requirements and travel restrictions. The extent of the impact of COVID-19 on the Company’s financial statements will depend on future developments, including the duration of the outbreak, resurgences and emergence of variants, all of which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted. The potential impact of COVID-19 on the Company’s operations is inherently difficult to predict and could adversely impact the Company’s business, financial condition or results of operations.

Emerging Growth Company Status

Section 102(b)(1) of the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 (the “JOBS Act”) exempts emerging growth companies from being required to comply with new or revised financial accounting standards until private companies are required to comply with the new or revised financial accounting standards. The JOBS Act provides that a company can choose not to take advantage of the extended transition period and comply with the requirements that apply to non-emerging growth companies, and any such election to not take advantage of the extended transition period is irrevocable. The Company is an “emerging growth company” as defined in Section 2(a) of the Securities Act and has elected to take advantage of the benefits of the extended transition period for new or revised financial accounting standards. The Company will remain an emerging growth company until the earliest of (i) the last day of the fiscal year in which the market value of Common Stock that is held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of the end of that year’s second fiscal quarter, (ii) the last day of the fiscal year in which the Company after the consummation of the Business Combination has total annual gross revenue of $1.07 billion or more during such fiscal year (as indexed for inflation), (iii) the date on which the Company has issued more than $1 billion in non-convertible debt in the prior three-year period or (iv) December 31, 2024. The Company expects to continue to take advantage of the benefits of the extended transition period, although it may decide to early adopt such new or revised accounting standards to the extent permitted by such standards. This may make it difficult or impossible to compare the Company’s financial results with the financial results of another public company that is either not an

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emerging growth company or is an emerging growth company that has chosen not to take advantage of the extended transition period exemptions because of the potential differences in accounting standards used.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents consist of cash on hand, cash in bank with no restrictions, as well as highly liquid investments which are unrestricted as to withdrawal or use, and which have remaining maturities of three months or less when initially purchased.

Restricted Cash

Restricted cash primarily represents deposited cash that is restricted by financial institutions for two purposes. $0.3 million is restricted as collateral for a letter of credit issued to the Company’s landlord in accordance with the terms of a lease agreement entered into in December 2020, and is classified as a non-current asset as it will be returned to the Company upon the occurrence of future events which are expected to occur beyond one year from September 30, 2022. $0.3 million is restricted for expenditures related to the National Security Agreement (“NSA”). See Note 12.

Deferred Fulfillment and Prepaid Launch Costs

We prepay for certain launch costs to third party providers that will carry the transport vehicle to orbit. Prepaid costs allocated to the delivery of a customers’ payload are classified as deferred fulfillment costs and recognized as cost of revenue upon delivery of the customers’ payload. Prepaid costs allocated to our payload are classified as prepaid launch costs and are amortized to research and development expense upon the release of our payload. The allocation is determined based on the distribution between customer and our payload weight on each launch.

As of September 30, 2022, and December 31, 2021, the Company had $6.6 million and $3.0 million, respectively, of deferred fulfillment and prepaid launch costs recorded within prepaids and other current assets and other non-current assets in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. On May 21, 2021, the Company received notification from one of its launch service providers that it was terminating two launch service agreements for flights scheduled during calendar year 2021 and that they considered the Company to be in default of prior payments totaling $8.7 million. The Company believed the prepayments would be non-recoverable as this was the third time the payload was rescheduled. As a result of the notification from one of its launch service providers, the Company recorded an impairment charge of $8.7 million of prepaid launch costs during the nine months ended September 30, 2021. There was an unrelated impairment of $0.8 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2021.

On October 12, 2021, the Company began discussions with the same launch service provider about reestablishing a future launch schedule. As a result of the discussion, the Company signed a Launch Services Agreement on October 19, 2021 that reserved space on a launch that occurred in May 2022. The Company determined that $2.7 million of the impaired deposits were potentially recoverable in connection with the reestablished schedule. The Company did not record any adjustments as a result of the discussions. See Note 4.

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Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (cont.)

In connection with the launch of Vigoride 3 and the third party deployer in May 2022, the Company amortized $1.2 million of prepaid launch costs. These costs were allocated proportionally based on payload weight. $12 thousand allocated to completed customer payload performance obligations was amortized to cost of revenue, $14 thousand allocated to customer payload subject to unresolved variable consideration was deferred within current deferred fulfillment costs as of the end of the second quarter 2022, $0.6 million allocated to the Vigoride vehicle was amortized to research and development costs, and $0.6 million allocated to the third party deployer, intended as a demonstration of Company’s business model, was amortized to selling, general and administrative costs. As a result of the launch, the Company realized $1.8 million of benefit from the recovery of previously impaired prepaid launch costs. The Company did not allocate any Vigoride vehicle development expense to cost of revenue as the vehicle has not yet met the criteria for capitalization. Refer to Research and Development Costs below.

During the three months ended September 30, 2022, the Company resolved the variable consideration uncertainties that had caused it to defer revenue and cost of revenue from its inaugural launch. As a result, the Company amortized the deferred $14 thousand to cost of revenue.

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Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (cont.)

Property, Machinery and Equipment, net

Property and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is generally recorded using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the respective assets. The estimated useful lives of fixed assets by asset category are described below:


Fixed Assets						Estimated Useful Life
Computer equipment						Three years
Furniture and fixtures						Five years
Leasehold improvements						Lesser of estimated useful life or remaining lease term (one year to seven years)
Machinery and equipment						Seven years

Costs of maintenance or repairs that do not extend the lives of the respective assets are charged to expenses as incurred.

Intangible Assets, net

Intangible assets consist of patents (in accordance with ASU 2018-15) and are reported at cost less accumulated amortization and accumulated impairment loss, if any. Amortization is recognized on a straight-line basis over 10 years for patents, and 3 years for internal-use software implementation costs, which is the estimated useful lives of the intangible assets.

Deferred Offering Costs

Offering costs consist of legal, accounting, underwriting fees and other costs incurred that are directly related to fundraising activities. During the year ended December 31, 2021, deferred offering costs were attributable to the Business Combination and upon completion of the Business Combination, all deferred offering costs were netted with the proceeds, with costs relating to the issuance of equity recorded as a reduction of additional paid in capital, while all costs related to the liability classified warrants were charged to expense. See Note 3 for more information. During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, deferred offering costs were attributable to the Company’s S-3 Universal Shelf registration and the at-the-market offering program. These costs will be netted with the proceeds proportional to the at-the-market program fundraising and any future fundraising under that S-3 registration. Refer to Note 11.

Loss Contingencies

We estimate loss contingencies in accordance with ASC 450-20, Loss Contingencies, which states that a loss contingency shall be accrued by a charge to income if both of the following conditions are met: (i) information available before the condensed consolidated financial statements are issued or are available to be issued indicates that it is probable that a liability had been incurred at the date of the condensed consolidated financial statements and (ii) the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated. We regularly evaluate current information available to us to determine whether such accruals should be adjusted and whether new accruals are required. Refer to Note 12.

Revenue Recognition

The Company enters into contracts for ‘last-mile’ satellite and cargo delivery, payload hosting and in-orbit servicing options with customers that are primarily in the aerospace industry. The Company recognizes revenue (along with any other fees that have been paid) upon satisfaction of the Company’s performance obligation.

The Company estimates variable consideration at the most likely amount, which is included in the transaction price to the extent it is probable that a significant reversal of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur. While the Company’s standard contracts do not contain refund or recourse provisions that enable its customers to recover any non-refundable fees that have been paid, the Company may issue full or partial refunds, or concessions on future services to customers on a case-by-case basis as necessary to preserve and foster future business relationships and customer goodwill. As a result of the Company’s inability to complete any launches in 2021 (refer to Note 4 for additional information), the Company issued customer refunds of $1.4 million during the year ended December 31, 2021.

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Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (cont.)

As part of its contracts with customers, the Company collects up-front non-refundable deposits prior to launch. As of September 30, 2022, and December 31, 2021, the Company had customer deposit balances of $2.4 million and $1.6 million, respectively, in related to signed contracts with customers, including firm orders and options (some of which have already been exercised by customers). These deposits are recorded as current and non-current contract liabilities in the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets. Included in the collected amount as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 are $1.2 million and $1.6 million, respectively, of non-current deposits.

During the three months ended September 30, 2022, the Company recognized $129 thousand of revenue. $28 thousand was due to forfeited customer deposits from cancelled customer contracts. The Company also resolved the uncertainties that had caused it to defer revenue from its inaugural launch. As a result, the Company recognized revenue of $101 thousand, and continued to defer $33 thousand now allocated to future services as a result of the variable consideration.

For the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company recognized revenue related to customer cancelled contracts of $0.3 million, which were previously recorded as contract liabilities. The Company also recorded $(135) thousand as a reduction of cost of revenue which represents the reversal of a contingency recorded during the prior year for loss contracts, partially offset by costs incurred related to one of the cancelled contracts. During the year ended December 31, 2021, in conjunction with the isolated refunds described below, the Company signed amendments with those customers considered in the contingency, such that the services will no longer be free of charge.

Fair Value Measurement

The Company uses valuation approaches that maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs to the extent possible. A three-tiered hierarchy is established as a basis for considering such assumptions and for inputs used in the valuation methodologies in measuring fair value. This hierarchy requires that the Company use observable market data, when available, and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when determining fair value:

•Level 1, observable inputs such as quoted prices in active markets;

•Level 2, inputs other than the quoted prices in active markets that are observable either directly or indirectly; and

•Level 3, unobservable inputs in which there is little or no market data, which requires that the Company develop its own assumptions.

The fair values of cash and cash equivalents, accounts payable, and certain prepaid and other current assets and accrued expenses approximate carrying values due to the short-term maturities of these instruments which fall with Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy. The carrying value of certain other non-current assets and liabilities approximates fair value. The Company had no Level 2 inputs for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and and fiscal year ended December 31, 2021.

The Company’s SAFE note liabilities, prior to conversion, were marked-to-market liabilities pursuant to ASC 480 and are classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy as the Company is using a backsolve method within the Black Scholes Option Pricing model, which allowed the Company to solve for the implied value of the business based on the terms of the SAFE investments. Significant unobservable inputs included volatility and expected term. Volatility is based upon on the actual historical volatility of a group of comparable publicly traded companies observed over a historical period equal to the expected remaining life of the SAFE investments. The expected term was based on the anticipated time until the SAFE investments would have a conversion event. Upon conversion, the SAFE notes were valued based on the closing price of Company’s Common Stock on the Closing Date.

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Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (cont.)

The Company’s warrants are recorded as a derivative liability pursuant to ASC 815 and are classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy as the Company is using the Black Scholes Option Pricing model. Significant unobservable inputs include stock price, volatility and expected term. Expected stock price volatility is based on the actual historical volatility of a group of comparable publicly traded companies observed over a historical period equal to the expected remaining life of the warrants. The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect on the date of valuation equal to the remaining expected life of the warrants. The expected term was based on the maturity of the warrants, which is 5 years. The dividend yield percentage is zero because the Company does not currently pay dividends, nor does it intend to do so during the expected term of the warrants. Upon conversion of the Legacy Momentus private warrants immediately prior to the business combination, the key valuation input was the closing price of Company’s Common Stock on the Closing Date, as the expected term and volatility were immaterial to the pricing model.

The Company’s performance awards under the equity incentive plans are recorded as contingent liabilities pursuant to ASC 480, measured at fair value. The performance awards are classified within Level 3 of the hierarchy as the fair value is dependent on management assumptions about the likelihood of non-market outcomes (see Note 11).

The Company’s stock repurchase agreements with the Co-Founders are recorded as contingent liabilities pursuant to ASC 480, measured at fair value. The stock repurchase agreements are classified within Level 3 of the hierarchy as the fair value is dependent on management assumptions about the likelihood of non-market outcomes (see Note 11). There were no transfers between levels of input during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021.

Warrant Liability

The Company’s private warrants and stock purchase warrants are recorded as derivative liabilities pursuant to ASC 815 and are classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy as the Company is using the Black Scholes Option Pricing model to calculate fair value. See Note 11. Significant unobservable inputs, prior to the Company’s stock being publicly listed, included stock price, volatility and expected term. At the end of each reporting period, changes in fair value during the period are recognized as a components of other income (expense), net within the condensed consolidated statements of operations. The Company will continue to adjust the warrant liabilities for changes in fair value until the earlier of (i) the exercise or expiration of the warrants or (ii) the redemption of the warrants, at which time the warrants will be reclassified to additional paid-in capital within the condensed consolidated statements of stockholders’ equity (deficit).

The warrants issued by Momentus Inc. prior to the Business Combination were exercised in connection with the Business Combination and as a result, the Company performed a fair value measurement of those warrants on the Closing Date and recorded the change in the instruments’ fair values prior to converting them to equity. The warrants assumed by the Company as a result of the Business Combination remain outstanding.

SAFE Notes

The Company issued SAFE notes to investors during the three months ended March 31, 2021 and the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, which were converted to shares of Common Stock in connection with the Business Combination. Prior to conversion, the Company determined that the SAFE notes were not a legal form of debt (i.e., no creditors’ rights). The SAFE notes included a provision allowing for the investors to receive a portion of the proceeds upon a change of control equal to the greater of their investment amount or the amount payable based upon a number of shares of Common Stock equal to the investment amount divided by the liquidity price, the occurrence of which is outside the control of the Company. This provision required that the SAFE notes be classified as marked-to-market liabilities pursuant to ASC 480. See Note 9.

Basic and Diluted (Loss) Income Per Share

Net (loss) income per share is provided in accordance with FASB ASC 260-10 Earnings per Share. Basic net (loss) income per share is computed by dividing losses by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted (loss) income per share gives effect to all dilutive potential common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted loss per share excludes all potential common shares and SAFE notes if their effect is anti-dilutive. See Note 11.

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Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (cont.)

Impairment of Long-lived Assets

The Company evaluates the carrying value of long-lived assets on an annual basis, or more frequently whenever circumstances indicate a long-lived asset may be impaired. When indicators of impairment exist, the Company estimates future undiscounted cash flows attributable to such assets. In the event cash flows are not expected to be sufficient to recover the recorded value of the assets, the assets are written down to their estimated fair value. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021 there were immaterial impairments of long-lived assets. See Note 5 and Note 6.

Stock-based Compensation

The Company has a stock incentive plan under which equity awards are granted to employees, directors, and consultants. All stock-based payments are recognized in the consolidated financial statements based on their respective grant date fair values.

Restricted stock unit fair value is based on our closing stock price on the day of the grant. Stock option fair value is determined using the Black Scholes Merton Option Pricing model. The model requires management to make a number of assumptions, including expected volatility of the Company’s stock, expected life of the option, risk-free interest rate, and expected dividends. Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”) compensation fair value is also determined using the Black Scholes Merton Option Pricing model, using a six month expected term to conform with the six month ESPP offering period.

The fair value of equity awards is expensed over the related service period which is typically the vesting period, and expense is only recognized for awards that are expected to vest. The Company accounts for forfeitures as they occur.

401(k) Plan

The Company has a 401(k) plan that it offers to its full-time employees. The Company did not contribute to the plan for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021.

Research and Development Costs

Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. Research and development costs include activities to develop existing and future technologies for the Company’s vehicles. Research and development activities include basic research, applied research, design, development, and related test program activities. Costs incurred for developing our vehicles primarily include equipment, material, and labor hours (both internal and subcontractors).

Once the Company has achieved technological feasibility, the Company will capitalize the costs to construct any additional components of the vehicle systems.

Nonrefundable advance payments for goods or services that will be used or rendered for future research and development activities related to an executory contractual arrangement are deferred and capitalized. These advance payments are recognized as an expense as the related goods are delivered or services performed. When the related goods are no longer expected to be delivered or services rendered, the capitalized advance payment should be charged to expense.

Leases

The Company leases real estate facilities under non-cancelable operating leases with various expiration dates through February 2028. The Company determines if an arrangement contains a lease at inception based on whether there is an identified property, plant or equipment and whether the Company controls the use of the identified asset throughout the period of use.

The Company adopted the ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) on January 1, 2020. The Company elected the package of practical expedients for transition under which the Company did not reassess its prior conclusions about lease identification, lease classification and initial direct costs. Additionally, the Company elected the hindsight practical expedient for transition under which conclusions around lease term and impairment will not be reassessed.

Operating leases are included in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. Operating lease right-of-use (“ROU”) assets represent the Company’s right to use an underlying asset for the lease term. Lease liabilities

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Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (cont.)

represent the Company’s obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease and are included in current and non-current liabilities. Operating lease ROU assets and lease liabilities are recognized at the lease inception date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term discounted based on the more readily determinable of (i) the rate implicit in the lease or (ii) the Company’s incremental borrowing rate (which is the estimated rate the Company would be required to pay for a collateralized borrowing equal to the total lease payments over the term of the lease). Because the Company’s operating leases generally do not provide an implicit rate, the Company estimates its incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at lease commencement date for borrowings with a similar term.

The Company’s operating lease ROU assets are measured based on the corresponding operating lease liability adjusted for (i) payments made to the lessor at or before the commencement date, (ii) initial direct costs incurred and (iii) tenant incentives under the lease. The Company does not assume renewals or early terminations unless it is reasonably certain to exercise these options at commencement. The Company elected the practical expedient which allows the Company to not allocate consideration between lease and non-lease components. Variable lease payments are recognized in the period in which the obligation for those payments is incurred. In addition, the Company elected the practical expedient such that it does not recognize ROU assets or lease liabilities for leases with a term of 12 months or less of all asset classes. Operating lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

Income Taxes

The Company accounts for income taxes in accordance with authoritative guidance, which requires the use of the asset and liability method. Under this method, deferred income tax assets and liabilities are determined based upon the difference between the financial statement carrying amounts and the tax basis of assets and liabilities and are measured using the enacted tax rate expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which the differences are expected to be reversed.

Significant judgment is required in determining any valuation allowance recorded against deferred tax assets. In assessing the need for a valuation allowance, management considers all available evidence, including past operating results, estimates of future taxable income, and the feasibility of tax planning strategies.

In the event that management changes its determination as to the amount of deferred tax assets that can be realized, the Company will adjust its valuation allowance with a corresponding impact to the provision for income taxes in the period in which such determination is made.

The Company is required to evaluate the tax positions taken in the course of preparing its tax returns to determine whether tax positions are “more likely than not” of being sustained by the applicable tax authority. Tax benefits of positions not deemed to meet the “more likely than not” threshold would be recorded as a tax expense in the current year. The amount recognized is subject to estimate and management judgment with respect to the likely outcome of each uncertain tax position. The amount that is ultimately sustained for an individual uncertain tax position or for all uncertain tax positions in the aggregate could differ from the amount that is initially recognized.

Concentrations of Risk

Financial instruments that are exposed to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents. The Company places its cash and cash equivalents in banks that management believes are creditworthy, however deposits may exceed federally insured limits.

Segment Reporting

Operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise about which separate financial information is available that is evaluated regularly by the chief operating decision maker in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing operating performance. In consideration of ASC 280, Segment Reporting, we are not organized around specific services or geographic regions. We currently operate in one service line providing in-space transportation services.

Our chief operating decision maker uses condensed financial information to evaluate our performance, which is the same basis on which our results and performance are communicated to our Board of Directors. Based on the information described above and in accordance with the applicable literature, management has concluded that we are organized and operated as one operating and reportable segment.

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Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (cont.)

Recently Issued Accounting Standards

Although there are several new accounting pronouncements issued or proposed by the FASB, which have been adopted or will be adopted as applicable, management does not believe any of these accounting pronouncements has had or will have a material impact on the Company’s financial position or results of operations.

Recently Adopted Accounting Standards

In August 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-06, Accounting for Convertible Instruments and Contracts in an Entity’s Own Equity, which simplifies the guidance on the issuer’s accounting for convertible debt instruments by removing the separation models for (1) convertible debt with a cash conversion feature and (2) convertible instruments with a beneficial conversion feature. As a result, entities will not separately present in equity an embedded conversion feature in such debt. Instead, they will account for a convertible debt instrument wholly as debt, unless certain other conditions are met. The elimination of these models will reduce reported interest expense and increase reported net income for entities that have issued a convertible instrument that was within the scope of those models before the adoption of ASU 2020-06. Also, ASU 2020-06 requires the application of the if-converted method for calculating diluted earnings per share and the treasury stock method will be no longer available. The provisions of ASU 2020-06 are applicable for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2021, with early adoption permitted no earlier than fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020. The Company adopted this standard on January 1, 2022. There was no impact to the Company's condensed consolidated financial statements on the date of adoption.

In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-12, Income Taxes (Topic 740), which simplified the accounting for income taxes by removing certain exceptions to the general principles in income taxes. The amendments also improve consistent application of and simplify GAAP for other areas of Topic 740 by clarifying and amending existing guidance. The Company adopted this standard on January 1, 2021. The adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on the Company’s financial statements.

Note 3. Reverse Recapitalization

As discussed in Note 1, "Nature of Operations," on the Closing Date, SRAC completed the acquisition of Momentus Inc. and acquired 100% of Momentus Inc.’s shares and Momentus Inc. received gross proceeds of $247.3 million, which included $110.0 million in proceeds from the PIPE Investment, and $137.3 million in proceeds from issuance of Common Stock upon the closing of the Business Combination.

Proceeds from the issuance of Common Stock comprised of $172.5 million of public investment in SRAC, reduced by redemptions of $35.6 million. SRAC had additional stockholder deficit of $8.5 million, inclusive of $0.4 million of additional cash in trust from operations, which reduced the total proceeds to $238.8 million.

The Merger was accounted for as a reverse recapitalization under ASC 805, with Legacy Momentus as the accounting acquirer and SRAC as the acquired company for accounting purposes. Momentus Inc. was determined to be the accounting acquirer as Momentus Inc.'s stockholders prior to the Merger had the greatest voting interest in the combined entity, Momentus Inc. comprises all of the ongoing operations, and Momentus Inc.'s senior management directs operations of the combined entity. Accordingly, all historical financial information presented in these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements represents the accounts of Momentus Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiary. Net assets were stated at historical cost consistent with the treatment of the transaction as a reverse recapitalization of Momentus Inc.

One-time direct and incremental transaction costs incurred by the Company were recorded based on the activities to which the costs relate and the structure of the transaction. Costs of $27.8 million allocated to the issuance of equity were recorded as a reduction of equity raised, presented in additional paid in capital, while costs of $4.8 million allocated to the liability classified warrants were charged to expense. On the Closing Date, each holder of Momentus Inc. preferred and common stock received approximately 0.2467416 shares of the Company’s Common Stock, par value $0.00001 per share. See Note 11 for additional details of the Company's stockholders' equity (deficit) prior to and subsequent to the Merger.

All equity awards of Momentus Inc. were assumed by the Company and converted into comparable equity awards that are settled or exercisable for shares of the Company’s Common Stock. As a result, each outstanding stock

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option was converted into an option to purchase shares of the Company’s Common Stock based on an exchange ratio of 0.2467416, and each outstanding restricted stock award was converted into restricted stock awards of the Company that, upon vesting, may be settled for shares of the Company’s Common Stock based on an exchange ratio of 0.2467416.

Outstanding private warrants of Momentus Inc. common stock were also converted into warrants to purchase shares of the Company’s Common Stock based on an exchange ratio of 0.2467416.

Each public and private warrant of SRAC that was unexercised at the time of the Merger was assumed by the Company and represents the right to purchase one share of the Company’s Common Stock upon exercise of such warrant. See Note 11 for more information.

Lock-up Agreements

In conjunction with the Closing, certain insider stockholders executed lock-up agreements, pursuant to which such stockholders agree not to transfer any shares of Common Stock for a period of six months after the Closing or, if earlier, the first date the closing price of the Common Stock equals or exceeds $12.00 per share for any 20 trading days within any 30-trading day period following the Closing.

PIPE Investment

On October 7, 2020 and July 15, 2021, SRAC entered into subscription agreements with the PIPE Investors to which such investors collectively subscribed for an aggregate of 11,000,000 shares of the Company’s Common Stock at $10.00 per share for aggregate gross proceeds of $110.0 million. The PIPE Investors were also granted an equal number of private warrants to purchase the Company’s Common Stock at $11.50 per share. The warrants were recorded as a derivative liability under ASC 815, and the warrant liability was initially valued at $30.5 million. See Note 11. The PIPE Investment was consummated concurrently with the closing of the Business Combination..

Note 4. Prepaids and Other Current Assets

Prepaids and other current assets consisted of the following:


(in thousands)	September 30, 2022		December 31, 2021
Prepaid launch costs, current	$	3,000	$	—
Prepaid research and development	3,466		4,870
Prepaid insurance and other assets	4,473		4,562
Total	$	10,939	$	9,431

As of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the non-current portion of prepaid launch costs recorded in other non-current assets was $3.6 million and $3.0 million, respectively.

FAA Application

On May 10, 2021, the Company received a letter from the FAA denying the Company’s application for a payload review for the then-planned June 2021 launch. According to the letter, during an interagency consultation, the FAA was informed that the launch of the Company’s payload posed national security concerns associated with the Company’s then-current corporate structure. The letter further stated that the FAA understood that the Company was undergoing a process that might resolve the national security concerns, and that the FAA could reconsider a payload application when that process was completed.

As a result of the FAA application denial, on May 21, 2021, the Company received notification from one of its launch service providers that it was terminating two launch service agreements for flights scheduled during calendar year 2021 and that they considered the Company to be in default of prior payments totaling $8.7 million. The Company believed the prepayments were non-recoverable as this was the third time the payload was rescheduled. As a result of the notification from one of its launch service providers, the Company recorded an impairment charge

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NOTES TO THE CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

of $8.7 million of prepaid launch costs during the nine months ended September 30, 2021. There was an unrelated impairment of $0.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2021.

On October 12, 2021, the Company began discussions with the same launch service provider about reestablishing a future launch schedule. As a result of such discussion, the Company signed a Launch Services Agreement on October 19, 2021 that reserved space on a launch that occurred in May 2022. The Company determined that $2.7 million of the impaired deposits were potentially recoverable in connection with the reestablished schedule. The Company did not record any adjustments as a result of the discussions.

All future missions remain subject to the receipt of licenses and government approvals, and successful completion of current efforts to get the system ready for flight. Refer to “Risk Factors — We may not receive all required governmental licenses and approvals,” and “Risk Factors — We are dependent on the successful development of our satellite vehicles and related technology,” under Part II, Item 1A: "Risk Factors," in this Form 10-Q and under Part I, Item 1A in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 9, 2022.

Note 5. Property, Machinery and Equipment, net

Property, machinery and equipment, net consisted of the following:


(in thousands)	September 30, 2022		December 31, 2021
Computer equipment	$	10	$	178
Furniture and fixtures	55		206
Leasehold improvements	2,911		2,693
Machinery and equipment	3,517		3,332
Construction in-progress	154		247
Property, machinery and equipment, gross	6,647		6,656
Less: accumulated depreciation	(2,314)		(1,827)
Property, machinery and equipment, net	$	4,333	$	4,829

Depreciation expense related to property, machinery and equipment was $0.2 million and $0.7 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, respectively, and $0.3 million and $0.7 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, respectively.

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NOTES TO THE CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Note 6. Intangible Assets, net

Intangible assets, net consisted of the following as of September 30, 2022:


(in thousands)	Gross Value		Accumulated Amortization		Net Value		Weighted average remaining amortization period (in years)
Patents/Intellectual Property	$	454	$	(111)	$	343	7.3

Total	$	454	$	(111)	$	343

Intangible assets, net consisted of the following as of December 31, 2021:


(in thousands)	Gross Value		Accumulated Amortization		Net Value		Weighted average remaining amortization period (in years)
Patents/Intellectual Property	$	404	$	(91)	$	313	7.5
Capitalized software implementation costs	43		(7)		36		2.6
Total	$	447	$	(98)	$	349

Amortization expense related to intangible assets was $14 thousand and $96 thousand for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, respectively, and $14 thousand and $37 thousand for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, respectively.

As of September 30, 2022, the future estimated amortization expense related to intangible assets is as follows:


(in thousands)
Remainder of 2022	$	12
2023	49
2024	49
2025	49
2026	49
Thereafter	135
Total	343

Note 7. Leases

The Company leases office space under non-cancellable operating leases with terms expiring from November 2022 through February 2028. The leases require monthly lease payments that are subject to annual increase throughout the lease term.

In January 2021, the Company commenced a lease at a new location in San Jose, California. The lease expires in February 2028. The Company is obligated to pay approximately $11 million over the term of the lease. Prior to December 31, 2021, the Company modified two minor leases to extend access until April 2022 to aid the full transition to the San Jose facility. The Company has one additional minor lease expiring in November 2022.

The components of operating lease expense were as follows:

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Note 7. Leases (cont.)


(in thousands)	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Operating lease cost	$	385	$	435	$	1,229	$	1,306
Variable lease expense	138		147		429		442
Short-term lease expense	21		2		22		8
Total lease expense	$	544	$	585	$	1,680	$	1,757

Variable lease expense consists of the Company’s proportionate share of operating expenses, property taxes, and insurance.

As of September 30, 2022, the weighted-average remaining lease term was 5.4 years and the weighted-average discount rate was 5.6%.

As of September 30, 2022, the maturities of the Company’s operating lease liabilities were as follows:


(in thousands)
Remainder of 2022	$	386
2023	1,533
2024	1,580
2025	1,627
2026	1,674
Thereafter	2,026
Total lease payments	8,826
Less: Imputed interest	(1,261)
Present value of lease liabilities	$	7,565

Note 8. Accrued Expenses

Accrued expenses consisted of the following:


(in thousands)	September 30, 2022		December 31, 2021
Legal and other professional services	$	3,983	$	4,121
Compensation expense	2,715		3,862
Research and development projects	702		1,240
Offering costs	179		—
Other current expense	139		399
Payroll tax expense	163		163
Total	$	7,881	$	9,785

Note 9. SAFE Notes

The Company issued SAFE notes to investors. During the nine months ended September 30, 2021, the Company issued SAFE notes to investors in exchange for aggregate proceeds of $30.9 million. On August 12, 2021, as a result of the Business Combination, all of the Company’s outstanding SAFE notes, representing principal of $78 million and a fair value of $136 million on the conversion date, converted into 12,403,469 shares of Common Stock of the Combined Company.

Prior to conversion, the Company determined that the SAFE notes were not a legal form of debt (i.e., no creditors’ rights). The SAFE notes included a provision allowing for cash redemption upon the occurrence of a change of control, the occurrence of which was outside the control of the Company. The provision required the SAFE notes be classified as marked-to-market liabilities pursuant to ASC 480. The income (loss) reported from the decrease

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NOTES TO THE CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Note 9. SAFE Notes (cont.)

(increase) in the estimated fair value of the SAFE notes was $26.9 million and $209.3 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, respectively. These amounts are included in other income (expense).

Note 10. Loan Payable

Term Loan

On February 22, 2021, the Company entered into a Term Loan and Security Agreement (the “Term Loan”) which provided the Company with up to $40.0 million in borrowing capacity at an annual interest rate of 12%. $25.0 million of the Term Loan was immediately available for borrowing by the Company at the inception of the agreement, the Company borrowed this amount on March 1, 2021. The remaining $15.0 million of borrowing capacity is no longer available as the Company did not achieve certain milestones by the June 30, 2021 deadline. The repayment terms of the Term Loan provide for interest-only payments from March 1, 2021 through February 28, 2022.

Under the original terms, the principal amount was due and payable on March 1, 2022. However, during January 2022 the Company exercised its option to pay back the principal amount of the Term Loan over two years beginning on March 1, 2022 and ending on February 28, 2024.

In conjunction with the Term Loan, warrants to purchase preferred stock up to 1% of the fully diluted capitalization (including allowance for conversion of all outstanding convertible notes, SAFE notes and such warrants) of the Company were granted to the lender exercisable at the lender’s option. 80% of the 1% of the warrants were earned by the lender upon execution of the agreement. The additional 20% of the warrants was forfeited as of June 30, 2021. The warrant’s original estimated fair value of $15.6 million was recorded as a derivative liability under ASC 815 with the offset recorded as a debt discount. On August 12, 2021 the lender exercised the warrant. See Note 11. Additionally, the Company incurred debt issuance costs of $0.1 million, which were recorded as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of the Term Loan.

The Company allocated the proceeds from the Term Loan agreement to the note and warrants comprising the financing agreement based on the relative fair value of the individual securities on the February 22, 2021 closing date of the agreements. The discount attributable to the note, an aggregate of $15.8 million, primarily related to the value of the warrant liability with immaterial issuance costs, is amortized using the effective interest method over the term of the note, originally maturing on March 1, 2022, but now being repaid over two years, recorded as interest expense. Because the discount on the note exceeds 63% of its initial face value, and because the discount is amortized over the period from issuance to maturity, the calculated effective interest rate up until January 2022 was 126.0%.

As a result of the exercised extended repayment schedule, the unamortized discount and issuance costs were recast over the updated term of the loan and resulted in a recalculated effective interest rate of 28.2%. Interest expense amortization was $0.7 million and $2.1 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, respectively, and $3.6 million and $6.9 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, respectively.

As of September 30, 2022, the Company’s total loan payable consisted of gross Term Loan payable of $18.3 million and accrued interest of $0.1 million, offset by unamortized debt discount and issuance costs of $2.0 million. The Term Loan principal has future scheduled maturities for the remainder of 2022 of $3.0 million, as well as $13.0 million and $2.3 million for 2023 and 2024, respectively.

Promissory Notes

On June 29, 2021, the Company and SRAC amended the Merger Agreement which, among other things, provided for the issuance by the Company of two second lien notes (the “Promissory Notes”). The Promissory Notes, in the amount of $1.5 million each, were held by the Company’s outside counsel and SRAC, and were for certain legal fees and expenses incurred by SRAC and the Company in relation to the Business Combination. As a result of the Business Combination, the amount due to SRAC became an intercompany transaction which was eliminated from the combined entity’s consolidated balance sheets. During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company signed an agreement with its outside counsel and made a payment which settled the Promissory Notes as well as all

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Note 10. Loan Payable (cont.)

outstanding payables. The agreement resulted in a reduction of $2.6 million in the amount due for expenses incurred during the year, which was recorded as a reduction to legal expenses.

Note 11. Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit) and Stock-based Compensation

Common Stock and Preferred Stock

Pursuant to the terms of the Second Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation, the Company is authorized and has available a total of 270,000,000 shares of stock, consisting of (i) 250,000,000 shares of Common Stock, par value $0.00001 per share, and (ii) 20,000,000 shares of preferred stock, par value $0.00001 per share (“Preferred Stock”).

At the Closing of the Business Combination, the Company had 79,772,262 shares of Common Stock outstanding and no shares of Preferred Stock outstanding. The following summarizes the Company’s Common Stock outstanding immediately after the Business Combination:


	Shares	%
Momentus Space, LLC unit holders	50,419,505	63	%
Public stockholders	13,695,257	17	%
SRAC and its affiliates	4,657,500	6	%
PIPE Investors	11,000,000	14	%
Total	79,772,262	100	%

Co-Founder Divestment and Stock Repurchase Agreements

In accordance with the NSA and pursuant to stock repurchase agreements entered into with the Company, effective as of June 8, 2021, each of Mr. Kokorich, Nortrone Finance S.A. and Brainyspace LLC (collectively, the “Co-Founders”) sold 100% of their respective equity interests in the Company on June 30, 2021. In exchange for their equity interests, the Company initially paid each entity $1, but will additionally pay up to an aggregate of $50,000,000, out of funds legally available therefor, to the Co-Founders, on a pro rata basis, as follows: (i) an aggregate of $40,000,000 to be paid out of funds legally available therefor, within 10 business days after the earlier of (A) a business combination or capital raising transaction or series of transactions (whether in the form of debt or equity) resulting in cash proceeds of no less than $100,000,000 and (B) the Business Combination (the “First Payment Date”); and (ii) an aggregate of $10,000,000 to be paid out of funds legally available therefor, within 10 business days after a business combination or capital raising transaction or series of transactions (whether in the form of debt or equity) resulting in cash proceeds of no less than $250,000,000 (determined without any reduction for the $100,000,000 previously received in respect of the First Payment Date).

As a result of the Business Combination, which generated $247.3 million of gross proceeds (as described in Note 3), the Company paid the Co-Founders $40.0 million in addition to the initial consideration paid of $3. The Company recorded the consideration paid as a reduction of Common Stock and additional paid in capital. Pursuant to the NSA, a portion of those divestment proceeds were placed in escrow accounts, and may not be released to the divested investors until after completion of audit by a third party auditor of the investors compliance with the NSA and the lapse of a 15 day period without an objection from the CFIUS Monitoring Agencies. Following the third party audit of the investors’ NSA compliance, all of the escrowed divestment proceeds were released to the Co-Founders as of March 1, 2022 in accordance with the NSA.

If the Company were to undertake a business combination or capital raising transaction or series of transactions (whether in the form of debt or equity) resulting in cash proceeds of approximately $2.7 million or more, the Company would need to pay an aggregate of $10.0 million to the Co-Founders in accordance with the terms of the stock repurchase agreements.

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MOMENTUS INC.

NOTES TO THE CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Note 11. Stockholders’ Equity and Stock-based Compensation (cont.)

program describe below, resulting in an estimated liability of $10.0 million expected to be paid to the Co-Founders with a corresponding offset to additional paid in capital within the statements of stockholders’ equity (deficit), as of September 30, 2022.

Stock Purchase Warrants

In February 2021, the Company entered into the Term Loan. In conjunction with the Term Loan, warrants up to 1% of the fully diluted capitalization (including allowance for conversion of all outstanding convertible notes, SAFE notes and such warrants) of the Company were granted to the lender exercisable at the lender’s option. 80% of the 1% of the warrants were earned by the lender upon execution of the agreement. The remaining 20% of the warrants were forfeited on June 30, 2021. The warrant’s original estimated fair value of $15.6 million was recorded as a derivative liability under ASC 815 with the offset recorded as a debt discount. The Company recorded the (decrease) increase in the estimated fair value of the warrant of $0.3 million and $(10.7) million for three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, respectively, within other (income) expense in the accompanying consolidated income statements. The warrants were exercised by the lender immediately prior to the Business Combination. The loan remains outstanding as of September 30, 2022.

In March 2020, the Company entered into an equipment financing agreement to fund the acquisition of specific and eligible equipment (the “Equipment Loan”). In conjunction with the Equipment Loan, the Company issued stock purchase warrants to the lender, which allowed for the purchase of 191,108 shares of Common Stock in a subsequent round of financing. These warrants were also accounted for as a derivative liability and the (decrease) increase in the estimated fair value of the warrant of $0.4 million and $(1.1) million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, respectively, was recorded within other (income) expense in the accompanying consolidated income statements. The warrants were exercised by the lender immediately prior to the Business Combination.

Public and Private Warrants

As of September 30, 2022, the Company had public and private warrants outstanding to purchase 8,625,000 and 11,272,500 of Common Stock, respectively, related to the Business Combination. The warrants entitle the registered holder to purchase stock at a price of $11.50 per share, subject to adjustment, at any time commencing on August 12, 2021. The public and private warrants expire on the fifth anniversary of the Business Combination, or earlier upon redemption or liquidation.

Additionally, the Company had private warrants outstanding to purchase 308,569 shares of Common Stock, with an exercise price of $0.20 per share, unrelated to the Business Combination, which were exercised on a net basis for 278,146 shares during the nine months ended September 30, 2022.

The private warrants assumed in connection with the Business Combination were accounted for as a derivative liability and the (decrease) increase in estimated fair value of the warrants of $(1.6) million and $(3.4) million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, respectively, and $2.0 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021 was recorded within other (income) expense. The public warrants and the legacy outstanding private warrants were recorded as equity within statements of stockholders’ equity (deficit).

Contingent Sponsor Earnout Shares

As a result of the Business Combination, the Company modified the terms of 1,437,500 shares of Common Stock held by SRAC’s sponsor (the “Sponsor Earnout Shares”), such that all such shares will be forfeited if the share price of Common Stock does not reach a volume-weighted average closing sale price of $12.50, two thirds of such shares will be forfeited if the share price of Common Stock does not reach a volume-weighted average closing sale price of $15.00, and one third of such shares will be forfeited if the share price of Common Stock does not reach a volume-weighted average closing sale price of $17.50, in each case, prior to the fifth anniversary of the Business Combination. Certain events which change the number of outstanding shares of Common Stock, such as a split, combination, or recapitalization, among other potential events, will equitably adjust the target vesting prices above. The Sponsor Earnout Shares may not be transferred without the Company’s consent until the shares vest.

The Sponsor Earnout Shares are recorded within equity. Due to the contingently forfeitable nature of the shares, the Sponsor Earnout Shares are excluded from basic EPS calculations but are considered potentially dilutive shares of the purposes of diluted EPS (refer to “Income (Loss) Per Share” below).

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NOTES TO THE CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Note 11. Stockholders’ Equity and Stock-based Compensation (cont.)

At-The-Market Offering

On September 28, 2022, Momentus entered into an At-the-Market Equity Offering Sales Agreement with a sales agent (the “ATM Sales Agreement”). Pursuant to the ATM Sales Agreement, the Company may from time to time sell, through the sales agent using at-the-market (“ATM”) offerings, shares of Common Stock up to an aggregate offer price of up to $50.0 million. Under the ATM Sales Agreement, the sales agent will be entitled to compensation at a commission rate of up to 3.0% of the gross sales price per share sold.

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 there were no sales under the ATM Sales Agreement.

Stock Incentive Plans

Legacy Stock Plans

In May 2018, the Board of Directors of Momentus Inc. approved the 2018 Stock Plan (the “Initial Plan”) that allowed for granting of incentive and non-qualified stock options and restricted stock awards to employees, directors, and consultants. The Initial Plan was terminated in November 2018. Awards outstanding under the Initial Plan continue to be governed by the terms of the Initial Plan.

In February and March 2020, the Board approved the Amended and Restated 2018 Stock Plan (the “2018 Plan”). No additional grants have been made since 2020 and no new grants will be made from the 2018 Plan, however, the options issued and outstanding under the plan continue to be governed by the terms of the 2018 Plan. Forfeitures from the legacy plans become available under the 2021 Equity Incentive Plan, described below.

2021 Equity Incentive Plan

In connection with the Closing, the Company adopted the 2021 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2021 Plan”), under which 5,982,922 shares of Common Stock were initially reserved for issuance. The 2021 Plan allows for the issuance of incentive stock options (“ISOs”), non-qualified stock options (“NSOs”), restricted stock awards (“RSAs”), stock appreciation rights (“SARs”), restricted stock units (“RSUs”), and performance awards. The Board of Directors determines the period over which grants become exercisable. The 2021 Plan became effective immediately following the Closing. The 2021 Plan has an evergreen provision which allows for shares available for issuance under the plan to be increased on the first day of each fiscal year beginning with the 2022 fiscal year and ending on (and including) the first day of the 2031 fiscal year, in each case, in an amount equal to the lesser of (i) three percent (3.0%) of the outstanding shares on the last day of the immediately preceding fiscal year and (ii) such number of Shares determined by the Board. During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, the shares available for grant under the 2021 Plan increased by 2,436,353 and 313,758 due to the evergreen provision and forfeitures from the Initial Plan and the 2018 Plan, respectively. As of September 30, 2022, there were 1,644,169 shares remaining available for grant. Grant activity under the 2021 Plan is described below.

2021 Employee Stock Purchase Plan

In connection with the Closing, the Company adopted the Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “2021 ESPP Plan”), under which 1,595,445 shares of Common Stock were initially reserved for issuance. The Plan provides a means by which eligible employees of the Company may be given an opportunity to purchase shares of Common Stock at a discount as permitted under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended. The 2021 ESPP Plan has an evergreen provision which allows for shares available for issuance under the plan to be increased on the first day of each fiscal year beginning with the 2022 fiscal year and ending on (and including) the first day of the 2031 fiscal year, in each case, in an amount equal to the lesser of (i) half a percent (0.5%) of the outstanding shares on the last day of the calendar month prior to the date of such automatic increase and (ii) 1,595,445 shares. The 2021 ESPP Plan became effective immediately following the Closing. During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, the shares available for issuance under the 2021 ESPP Plan increased by 406,059 due to the evergreen provision. During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, 77,162 shares were issued under the 2021 ESPP Plan. The Company has an outstanding liability pertaining to the ESPP of $0.2 million as of September 30, 2022, included in accrued expenses, for employee contributions to the 2021 ESPP Plan, pending issuance at the end of the offering period.

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Note 11. Stockholders’ Equity and Stock-based Compensation (cont.)

2022 Inducement Equity Plan

In February 2022, the Company adopted the 2022 Inducement Equity Plan (the “2022 Plan”), under which 4,000,000 shares of Common Stock were initially reserved for issuance. The 2022 Plan allows for the issuance of NSOs, RSAs, SARs, RSUs, and stock bonus awards, subject to certain eligibility requirements. The Board of Directors determines the period over which grants become exercisable and grants generally vest over a four-year period. As of September 30, 2022 only RSU grants have been made under the 2022 Plan and there were 1,079,933 shares remaining available for grant. Grant activity under the 2022 Plan is described below.

Options Activity

The following table sets forth the summary of options activity, under the 2018 Plan and the 2021 Plans, for the nine months ended September 30, 2022:


(in thousands, except share-based data)	Total Options	Weighted- Average Exercise Price Per Share		Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Term (in years)	Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding as of December 31, 2021	4,040,360	$	0.27

Granted	1,064,862	2.54
Vested exercised	(1,947,970)	0.27
Forfeitures	(313,758)	0.28
Outstanding as of September 30, 2022	2,843,494	$	1.12	7.9	$	1,965
Exercisable as of September 30, 2022	1,402,846	$	0.55	7.1	$	1,364
Vested and expected to vest as of September 30, 2022	2,843,494	$	1.12	7.9	$	1,965

As of September 30, 2022, there was a total of $1.6 million in unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested options, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.9 years.

The total intrinsic value of options exercised during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, was $0.7 million and $4.9 million, respectively, and during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021 was $10.2 million and $15.6 million, respectively.

The assumptions used under the Black-Scholes-Merton Option Pricing model and weighted average fair value of options on the grant date are as follows:


	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2022	2021
Expected term (in years)	5.8	N/A
Risk-free interest rate	2.35%	N/A
Expected volatility	61.90%	N/A
Dividend yield	0.00%	N/A
Fair value on grant date	$1.46	N/A

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MOMENTUS INC.

NOTES TO THE CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Note 11. Stockholders’ Equity and Stock-based Compensation (cont.)

Restricted Stock Unit and Restricted Stock Award Activity

The following table sets forth the summary of RSU and RSA activity, under the Initial Plan, the 2018 Plan, the 2021 Plan, and the 2022 Plan, for the nine months ended September 30, 2022. RSAs were an immaterial portion of activity for the period:


	Shares	Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value (i.e. share price)
Outstanding as of December 31, 2021	2,812,110	$	10.87
Granted	7,246,487	2.53
Vested	(603,278)	9.59
Forfeited	(1,285,914)	6.72
Outstanding as of September 30, 2022	8,169,405	$	4.20

As of September 30, 2022, there was a total of $29.8 million in unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested RSUs, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.7 years. Outstanding unvested and expected to vest RSUs had an intrinsic value of $11.2 million.

Stock-based Compensation

The following table sets forth the stock-based compensation under the Initial Plan, the 2018 Plan, the 2021 Plan, and the 2022 Plan by expense type:


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in thousands)	2022		2021		2022		2021
Research and development expenses	$	737	$	52	$	1,624	$	186
Selling, general and administrative expenses	2,552		3,023		6,911		11,001
Total	$	3,289	$	3,075	$	8,535	$	11,187

The following table sets forth the stock-based compensation under the Initial Plan, the 2018 Plan, the 2021 Plan, and the 2022 Plan by award type:


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in thousands)	2022		2021		2022		2021
Options	$	106	$	3,075	$	357	$	11,187
RSUs & RSAs	3,096		—		8,079		—
ESPP	45		—		127		—
Performance Awards	$	42	$	—	(28)		—
Total	$	3,289	$	3,075	$	8,535	$	11,187

Performance Awards

Performance awards under the 2021 Plan are accounted for as liability-classified awards, as the obligations are typically a fixed monetary amount which is settled on a future date in a variable number of shares of the Company’s Common Stock. The variable number of potentially settled shares is not limited. Performance awards are measured at their fair value based on management’s estimates of potential outcomes of the performance. Outstanding performance awards correspond to 30,657 shares if they were settled on September 30, 2022.

Stock Option Modifications

On August 31, 2021, in connection with the resignation of one of the Company’s former officers, the Company modified the former officer’s outstanding awards, which resulted in the vesting of options for 273,571 shares. The

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NOTES TO THE CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Note 11. Stockholders’ Equity and Stock-based Compensation (cont.)

modified option awards have an exercise price of $0.28 per share, expected term of 6.25 years, a risk-free rate of 0.86%, expected volatility of 97% and no expected dividends. This Type III modification resulted in a remeasured fair value of $10.91 per share. The incremental compensation related to the accelerated options totaled $2.9 million.

On May 22, 2021, in connection with the resignation of one of the Company’s former directors, the Company modified the former director’s outstanding award, which resulted in the vesting of options for 205,618 shares. The modified option award has an exercise price of $0.28 per share, expected term of one year, a risk-free rate of 0.04%, expected volatility of 65% and no expected dividends. This Type III modification resulted in a remeasured fair value of $10.78 per share. The incremental compensation related to the accelerated options totaled $2.2 million.

On January 25, 2021, in connection with the resignation of the Company’s former Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”), Mikhail Kokorich, the Company modified his outstanding awards, which resulted in the vesting of options for 261,070 shares. The modified option awards have exercise prices ranging from $0.04 to $0.28 per share, an expected term of one year, a risk-free interest rate of 0.10%, an expected volatility of 78% and no expected dividends. This Type III modification resulted in a remeasured fair values ranging from $20.67 to $20.91 per share. The incremental compensation related to the accelerated options totaled $5.4 million.

Net (Loss) Income Per Share

The following table sets forth the computation of diluted net (loss) income per share:


Diluted Net (Loss) Income Per Share	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in thousands, except share-based data)	2022		2021		2022		2021
Numerator:
Net (loss) income	$	(21,298)	$	(5,614)	$	(71,004)	$	123,384



Net loss allocated to common stockholders for diluted net loss per share	$	(21,298)	$	(5,614)	$	(71,004)	$	123,384
Denominator:
Denominator for basic net (loss) income per share - weighted average shares outstanding	82,066,795		60,589,566		81,122,541		59,873,199

Dilutive options and unvested stock units outstanding	—		—		—		4,056,805
Dilutive warrants outstanding	—		—		—		302,533

Denominator for diluted net loss per share - adjusted weighted average shares outstanding	82,066,795		60,589,566		81,122,541		64,232,537

Net (loss) income per share - basic	$	(0.26)	$	(0.09)	$	(0.88)	$	2.06
Net (loss) income per share - diluted	$	(0.26)	$	(0.09)	$	(0.88)	$	1.92

Net (loss) income per share is provided in accordance with ASC 260-10, Earnings Per Share. Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing net (loss) income for the period by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings per share gives effect to all dilutive potential common shares outstanding during the period. It is computed by dividing undistributed earnings allocated to common stockholders for the period by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period, plus the dilutive effect of outstanding preferred shares, options and unvested stock units, and warrants outstanding pursuant to the treasury stock method.

As the Company incurred a net loss for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, and the three months ended September 30, 2021, the inclusion of certain options, unvested stock units, warrants, and contingent Sponsor Earnout Shares in the calculation of diluted earnings per share would be anti-dilutive and, accordingly, were excluded from the diluted loss per share calculation.

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MOMENTUS INC.

NOTES TO THE CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Note 11. Stockholders’ Equity and Stock-based Compensation (cont.)

The following table summarizes potential common shares that were excluded as their effect is anti-dilutive:


	Three Months Ended September 30,		Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2022	2021	2022	2021

Options and unvested stock units outstanding	10,591,058	4,304,660	6,242,976	—
Warrant outstanding	19,897,500	20,206,069	19,977,404	19,897,500

Contingent Sponsor Earnout Shares	1,437,500	—	1,437,500	—
Total	31,926,058	24,510,729	27,657,880	19,897,500

Note 12. Commitments and Contingencies

Purchase Obligations

Momentus enters into purchase obligations in the normal course of business. These obligations include purchase orders and agreements to purchase goods or services that are enforceable, legally binding, and have significant terms and minimum purchases stipulated. As of September 30, 2022, the Company’s future unconditional purchase obligations are as follows:


(in thousands)
Remainder of 2022	$	5,963
2023	13,100
2024	600


Thereafter	—
Total	$	19,663

Legal Proceedings

Securities Class Actions

On July 15, 2021, a purported stockholder of SRAC filed a putative class action complaint against SRAC, SRC-NI Holdings, LLC ("Sponsor"), Brian Kabot (SRAC CEO), James Norris (SRAC CFO), Momentus, and the Company's co-founder and former CEO, Mikhail Kokorich, in the United States District Court for the Central District of California, in a case captioned Jensen v. Stable Road Acquisition Corp., et al., No. 2:21-cv-05744 (the "Jensen class action"). The complaint alleges that the defendants omitted certain material information in their public statements and disclosures regarding the Business Combination, in violation of the securities laws, and seeks damages on behalf of a putative class of stockholders who purchased SRAC stock between October 7, 2020 and July 13, 2021.

On July 22, 2021 and August 4, 2021, purported stockholders of SRAC filed putative class action complaints against SRAC, SRC-NI Holdings, LLC, Brian Kabot, James Norris, Momentus, and Mikhail Kokorich in the United States District Court for the Central District of California, in cases captioned Hall v. Stable Road Acquisition Corp., et al., No. 2:21-cv-05943 (the "Hall class action") and Depoy v. Stable Road Acquisition Corp., et al., No. 2:21-cv-06287 (the "Depoy class action"). The allegations in the Hall and Depoy class actions are substantially the same as the allegations in the Jensen class action (collectively, referred to as the "Securities Class Actions") and the purported class period is identical. On October 20, 2021, the Securities Class Actions were consolidated in the first filed matter. Other, similar suits may follow.

On November 12, 2021, Lead Plaintiff Hartmut Haenisch filed an Amended Consolidated Class Action Complaint (the “Amended Complaint”) against SRAC, Sponsor, Brian Kabot, Juan Manuel Quiroga, James Norris, James Hofmockel (collectively, the "Stable Road Defendants"), Momentus, Dawn Harms, Fred Kennedy (collectively, the "Momentus Defendants"), and Mikhail Kokorich. Ms. Harms and Mr. Kennedy, and others, were added as defendants in the Amended Complaint. The Amended Complaint alleges that the defendants made certain material misrepresentations, and omitted certain material information, in their public statements and disclosures regarding the Business Combination, in violation of the securities laws, and seeks damages on behalf of a putative class of stockholders who purchased SRAC stock between October 7, 2020 and July 13, 2021.

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MOMENTUS INC.

NOTES TO THE CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Note 12. Commitments and Contingencies (cont.)

On February 14, 2022, the Momentus Defendants filed their motions to dismiss and the Stable Road Defendants filed their motion to dismiss the Amended Complaint. Mr. Kokorich has not been served, nor appeared, in the litigation. On July 13, 2022, the Court issued its ruling on the motions to dismiss, granting the Stable Road Defendants' motion as to Count 1 as against Defendants Quiroga, Norris and Hofmockel, granting the motion, granting the Momentus Defendants' motions as to Count III as against Defendants Harms and Kennedy, and denying the motions on all other counts. The Momentus Defendants and the Stable Road Defendants answered the Amended Complaint on August 2, 2022. A case management conference previously scheduled for August 22, 2022 was vacated and a case management and scheduling order issued without conference on August 25, 2022. A jury trial date has been set for November 14, 2023. Momentus disputes the allegations in the Amended Complaint and intends to vigorously defend the litigation.

Momentus has determined that any potential loss from litigation is not estimable at this time.

SEC Settlement and CFIUS Review

On January 24, 2021, the Company received a subpoena from the Division of Enforcement of the SEC ("Division of Enforcement") requesting documents regarding the Registration Statement on Form S-4 and Amendment No. 1 thereto (the "Registration Statement") filed by SRAC in connection with the Business Combination. The Company entered into a settlement with the SEC on July 8, 2021. As a result of the settlement, in accordance with ASC Topic 450, Contingencies, (“ASC 450”) the Company paid a fine of $2 million and recorded a liability of $5 million within other current liabilities, due one year from the settlement date. The Company paid the remaining $5 million liability on July 8, 2022.

In February 2021, the Company and Mr. Kokorich, with support from SRAC, submitted a joint notice to the CFIUS for review of the historical acquisition of interests in the Company by Mr. Kokorich, his wife, and entities that they control in response to concerns of the U.S. Department of Defense regarding the Company’s foreign ownership and control. On June 8, 2021, U.S. Departments of Defense and the Treasury, on behalf of CFIUS, Mr. Kokorich, on behalf of himself and Nortrone Finance S.A. (an entity controlled by Mr. Kokorich), Lev Khasis and Olga Khasis, each in their respective individual capacities and on behalf of Brainyspace LLC (an entity controlled by Olga Khasis) entered into a National Security Agreement (the "NSA").

In accordance with the NSA and pursuant to stock repurchase agreements entered into with the Company, effective as of June 8, 2021, each of Mr. Kokorich, Nortrone Finance S.A. and Brainyspace LLC (collectively “the Co-Founders”) sold 100% of their respective equity interests in the Company on June 30, 2021. In exchange for their equity interests, the Company initially paid each entity $1, but will additionally pay up to an aggregate of $50,000,000, out of funds legally available therefor, to the Co-Founders, on a pro rata basis, as follows: (i) an aggregate of $40,000,000 to be paid out of funds legally available therefor, within 10 business days after the earlier of (A) a business combination or capital raising transaction or series of transactions (whether in the form of debt or equity) resulting in cash proceeds of no less than $100,000,000 and (B) the Business Combination (the “First Payment Date”); and (ii) an aggregate of $10,000,000 to be paid out of funds legally available therefor, within 10 business days after a business combination or capital raising transaction or series of transactions (whether in the form of debt or equity) resulting in cash proceeds of no less than $250,000,000 (determined without any reduction for the $100,000,000 previously received in respect of the First Payment Date).

As a result of the Business Combination, which generated $247.3 million of gross proceeds (as described in Note 3), the Company paid the Co-Founders $40.0 million in addition to the initial consideration paid of $3. The Company recorded the consideration paid as a reduction of common stock and additional paid in capital. Pursuant to the NSA, a portion of those divestment proceeds were placed in escrow accounts, and may not be released to the divested investors until after completion of audit by a third party auditor of the investors compliance with the NSA and the lapse of a 15 day period without an objection from the CFIUS Monitoring Agencies. Following the third party audit of the investors’ NSA compliance, all of the escrowed divestment proceeds were released to the Co-Founders as of March 1, 2022 in accordance with the NSA.

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MOMENTUS INC.

NOTES TO THE CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Note 12. Commitments and Contingencies (cont.)

The Company evaluated and periodically re-evaluates this potential consideration as a liability under ASC 480 utilizing a probability-weighted approach. Certain factors which would enable successful fundraising were considered, including progress toward compliance with the NSA, research and development progress, and agreements with launch providers, as well as the Company’s fundraising efforts under the at-the-market offering program describe above, resulting in an estimated liability of $10.0 million expected to be paid to the Co-Founders with a corresponding offset to additional paid in capital within the statements of stockholders’ equity (deficit), as of September 30, 2022.

The NSA establishes various requirements and restrictions on the Company to protect national security, certain of which may materially and adversely affect the Company’s operating results due to the cost of compliance, limitations on the Company’s control over certain U.S. facilities, contracts, personnel, vendor selection and operations, and any potential penalties for noncompliance with such requirements and restrictions. The NSA provides for quarterly compliance auditing by an independent auditor. The NSA further provides for liquidated damages up to $1,000,000 per breach of the NSA. If the CFIUS Monitoring Agencies, the U.S. Departments of Defense and Treasury, find noncompliance, the CFIUS Monitoring Agencies could impose penalties, including liquidated damages.

The Company incurred legal expenses related to these matters of approximately $0.3 million and $1.6 million during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, respectively, and $2.2 million and $9.6 million during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, respectively, and expects to continue to incur legal expenses in the future.

Shareholder Section 220 Litigation

On June 16, 2022, Plaintiff and Momentus shareholder James Burk filed a verified complaint against Momentus in the Delaware Court of Chancery, Case. No. 2022-0519, to inspect the books and records of Momentus pursuant to Section 220 of the Delaware General Corporation Law. Plaintiff seeks production of books and records relating to the management of Momentus and its disclosures to potential investors in connection with the Business Combination. The matter is currently stayed pending the Company's production of certain documents to satisfy Plaintiff's requests for inspection. Plaintiff has demanded an order compelling the Company to comply with Plaintiff's production demands and granting Plaintiff an award of attorney's fees in connection with its prosecution of the matter. The Company from time to time responds to books and records requests properly submitted pursuant to applicable Delaware law. Momentus disputes the allegations in the complaint and intends to vigorously defend the litigation.

Shareholder Derivative Litigation

On June 20, 2022, a shareholder derivative action was filed by Brian Lindsey, on behalf of Momentus, in the U.S. District Court for the Central District of California, Case No. 2:22-cv-04212, against Momentus (as a nominal defendant), SRAC, Brian Kabot, Juan Manuel Quiroga, James Norris, James Hofmockel, Mikhail Kokorich, Dawn Harms, Fred Kennedy, Chris Hadfield, Mitchel B. Kugler, Victorino Mercado, Kimberly A. Reed, Linda J. Reiners, and John C. Rood. This derivative action alleges the same core allegations as stated in the securities class action litigation. Defendants dispute the allegations as stated in this derivative action. On September 27, 2022, Plaintiff filed his Notice of Voluntary Dismissal without Prejudice seeking to dismiss the case. Because Plaintiff’s dismissal of this derivative action was voluntary and without prejudice, this plaintiff and/or other shareholders may seek to re-file the claims asserted in this matter at a later date. Momentus intends to vigorously defend any such litigation.

SAFE Note Litigation

On July 20, 2022, The Larian Living Trust ("TLLT") filed an action against Momentus in New Castle County Superior Court, Delaware, in the Complex Commercial Litigation Division, Case No. N22C-07-133 EMD CCLD. TLLT pleads claims for fraudulent inducement and breach of contract arising from two investment contracts pursuant to which TLLT alleges it invested $4 million in Momentus. TLLT alleges that a "liquidity event" occurred when Momentus closed the Business Combination, such that it was entitled to the greater of its $4 million investment or its “Conversion Amount” of Momentus shares, which was a total of 724,995 shares of Momentus stock. TLLT further alleges that Momentus refused to provide it the conversion amount of shares until April 2022, at which point the value of its shares had dropped significantly from their peak value in August of 2021, in excess of $7.6 million. TLLT seeks damages in excess of $7.6 million, in addition to interests and its attorney's fees and costs.

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MOMENTUS INC.

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Note 12. Commitments and Contingencies (cont.)

On September 22, 2022, Momentus filed its motion to dismiss the complaint in this matter. Momentus disputes the allegations in the complaint and intends to vigorously defend the litigation.

Kokorich Litigation

On June 8, 2021, former co-founders and shareholders of the Company, Mikhail Kokorich and Lev Khasis signed the NSA alongside stock repurchase agreements, whereby they agreed to divest their interests in the Company in exchange for a cash payments and other considerations. As part of the NSA and stock repurchase agreements, Messrs. Kokorich and Khasis agreed to a broad waiver and release of all claims (broadly defined) against the Company. The Company has maintained that this release is effective as to various advancement and indemnification claims either individual may have against the Company.

Both Messrs. Kokorich and Khasis have, through counsel, disagreed with the Company’s position. For example, Mr. Kokorich is named as a defendant in the securities class action pending against the Company and other defendants, although he has not been served nor appeared in those matters. In addition, Mr. Kokorich is the sole defendant in a civil litigation action filed against him by the Securities and Exchange Commission, which remains pending in the US District Court for the District of Columbia, Case No. 1:21-cv-01869. Mr. Kokorich has demanded indemnification and advancement from Momentus for his fees and costs incurred in these actions, which claims are disputed by the Company.

The Company continues to maintain that Mr. Kokorich’s release in the NSA and stock repurchase agreements is effective as to his claims for advancement and indemnification in these litigation matters. On August 16, 2022, Mr. Kokorich filed a verified complaint against Momentus in the Delaware Court of Chancery (Case. No. 2022-0722) seeking indemnification and advancement from Momentus. On October 14, 2022, Momentus filed its motion to dismiss this action. Momentus disputes the allegations in the complaint and intends to vigorously defend the litigation.

Other Litigation and Related Matters

These and other litigation matters may be time-consuming, divert management’s attention and resources, cause the Company to incur significant defense and settlement costs or liability, even if we believe the claims asserted against us are without merit. We intend to vigorously defend against all such claims. Because of the potential risks, expenses and uncertainties of litigation, as well as claims for indemnity from various of the parties concerned, we may from time to time, settle disputes, even where we believe that we have meritorious claims or defenses. Because litigation is inherently unpredictable, further compounded by various claims for indemnity which may or may not be fully insured, we cannot assure that the results of these actions, either individually or in the aggregate, will not have a material adverse effect on our operating results and financial condition.

From time to time, the Company may be a party to litigation and subject to claims incident to the ordinary course of business on in connection with the matters discussed above. Although the results of litigation and claims cannot be predicted with certainty, the Company currently believes that the final outcome of these matters will not have a material adverse effect on its business. Regardless of the outcome, litigation can have an adverse impact on the Company because of judgment, defense and settlement costs, diversion of management resources and other factors. At each reporting period, the Company evaluates whether or not a potential loss amount or a potential range of loss is probable and reasonably estimable under ASC 450, Contingencies. Legal fees are expensed as incurred.

Note 13. Income Taxes

The Company’s effective tax rate for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021 was zero percent. The effective tax rate may vary significantly from period to period and can be influenced by many factors. These factors include, but are not limited to, changes to the statutory rates in the jurisdictions where the Company has operations and changes in the valuation of deferred tax assets and liabilities. The difference between the effective tax rate and the federal statutory rate of 21% primarily relates to certain nondeductible items, state and local income taxes and a full valuation allowance for deferred tax assets.

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ITEM 2. MOMENTUS’ MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion and analysis provides information which our management believes is relevant to an assessment and understanding of our results of operations and financial condition. This discussion and analysis should be read together with our audited and unaudited financial statements and related notes appearing elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (this “Form 10-Q”) and Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 9, 2022. This discussion and analysis should also be read together with our financial information for the period ended and as of September 30, 2022. In addition to historical financial information, this discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements that reflect our plans, estimates, and beliefs that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions. As a result of many factors, such as those set forth under the “Risk Factors” under Part II, Item 1A: "Risk Factors," in this Form 10-Q and under Part I, Item 1A in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 9, 2022, and “Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” elsewhere in this Form 10-Q, our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements.

Certain figures, such as interest rates and other percentages, included in this section have been rounded for ease of presentation. Percentage figures included in this section have not in all cases been calculated on the basis of such rounded figures but on the basis of such amounts prior to rounding. For this reason, percentage amounts in this section may vary slightly from those obtained by performing the same calculations using the figures in our financial statements or in the associated text. Certain other amounts that appear in this section may similarly vary slightly due to rounding.

Overview

Momentus plans to offer transportation and infrastructure services to help enable the commercialization of space. Satellite operators are our principal customers and target customers. Services that we plan to provide include “last mile” satellite transportation, payload-hosting, on-orbit satellite refueling, on-orbit inspection, on-orbit satellite maintenance, de-orbiting, debris removal, and other satellite-to-satellite service offerings.

Our transportation service offering will focus on delivering our customers’ satellites to precision orbits of their choosing. To accomplish this, we plan to create a hub-and-spoke transportation network in partnership with leading launch service providers, such as SpaceX. Under this model, our customers’ satellites would “ride share” from Earth to space on a midsized or large rocket. Our Orbital Service Vehicles (“OSVs”) would then provide “last mile” transportation services from the rocket’s drop-off orbit to a custom orbit of the satellite operator’s choosing. We believe our hub-and-spoke model has the potential to expand our customers’ deployment options relative to what they would be able to achieve with ride share launch alone, while reducing their costs relative to what they could achieve with a dedicated small launch vehicle. Over time, we plan to begin introducing additional services beyond “last mile” transportation.

Since our founding in 2017, we have been working to develop, test and enhance our vehicles and supporting technologies, particularly our water plasma propulsion technology. We have signed contracts for approximately $43 million in backlog (potential revenue), as of October 31, 2022. These agreements contain firm orders as well as options, allowing customers to opt-in to launches on shorter notice without requiring a separate agreement. The breadth of these signed contracts spans across 19 companies in 14 countries. In general, our customers have the right to cancel their contracts with the understanding that they will forgo their deposits. If a customer cancels a contract before it is required to pay non-refundable deposits, we may not receive revenue from these orders, except for an initial deposit which is paid at the time the contract is signed. Refer to “Risk Factors — We may not be able to convert our orders in backlog into revenue,” under Part II, Item 1A: "Risk Factors," in this Form 10-Q and under Part I, Item 1A in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 9, 2022.

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Our services are made possible by the space industry’s rapid technological developments over the past two decades, driven predominantly by significant decreases in launch costs, as well as the advent of smaller, lower-cost satellites. This convergence of these trends has resulted in substantial growth in the commercial space market, rooted in higher accessibility for companies entering the new space economy that aim to offer communication, earth observation and data collection services, and other satellite services.

We anticipate there could be considerable growth over the coming years in the space transportation segment as companies continue to seek versatile and low-cost ways to deliver single satellites to specific orbits or deploy their satellite constellations. We anticipate that the need for small satellite transportation to low-earth orbit will continue to drive overall demand growth for space transportation services in the short-term as technology advancements continue to make space more accessible to new market entrants, although new applications beyond low-earth orbit are also emerging. We also believe that over the next decade, new space-based businesses may emerge, for example the generation of solar energy in space, space manufacturing or space data processing. The advent of these new business models could substantially increase demand for space transportation and other space infrastructure services.

Beyond transportation, we anticipate that growth of the satellite constellations market may drive demand for our Hosted Payload, on-orbit satellite refueling, on-orbit inspection, on-orbit satellite maintenance, de-orbiting, debris removal, and other satellite-to-satellite service offerings, if we are successful in executing on our business plan,

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including fully developing and validating our technology in space. Satellite constellations have relatively short lifespans and, in our view, will require maintenance, de-orbiting, and other general servicing with higher frequency.

We expect our expenses to increase substantially in connection with our ongoing activities, particularly as we continue to advance the development of our vehicles, build corporate infrastructure and enhance our sales and marketing functions.

The technology underlying our anticipated service offerings is still in the process of being developed, and has not been fully tested or validated in space. Our ability to execute on our business plan is dependent on the successful development and commercialization of the technologies described in this Form 10-Q. Although we believe our water plasma propulsion technology will be a key differentiator of our product offerings, we have to date only conducted one test of this technology in space. Although we believe our test unit generated plasma in space and validated the theoretical basis of our technology, we have yet to experimentally confirm the unit’s ability to generate thrust in space, which is crucial to our ability to conduct actual spacecraft maneuvers in orbit. Until we can accomplish this, the technology will remain in the experimental stages. Moreover, even if the unit generates thrust, there can be no assurance that it can be operated in a manner that is sufficiently reliable and efficient to permit full commercialization of the technology. Our statements and beliefs about the viability of our technology are primarily based on theoretical analyses and experimentally observed results during ground testing and our single test of this technology in space. Development of space technologies is extremely complex, time consuming, and expensive, and there can be no assurance that our predicted theoretical and ground-based results will translate into operational space vehicles that operate within the parameters we expect, or at all. This Form 10-Q describes Momentus’ current business plans for continuing to develop its technology and marketing and commercializing its products, however there can be no assurance that Momentus will be able to successfully develop its technologies and implement them in commercially viable vehicles. Refer to “Risk Factors — A key component of our business model is the delivery of satellites using our vehicles from low-earth orbit to other orbits. The technology for this maneuver is still in the development stage...” under Part II, Item 1A: "Risk Factors," in this Form 10-Q and under Part I, Item 1A in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 9, 2022.

Services Overview

When our technology is fully developed and validated in the future, we currently plan to provide the following infrastructure services to the space economy:

Space Transportation. We are designing a space transportation service based on a hub-and-spoke model, which combines ride share launch on a medium or large rocket with last-mile delivery using one of our OSVs. Under this model, our customers will deliver their payload to us a few months prior to launch for integration onto our vehicle. Once we have integrated our customers’ payloads, we will then ship our vehicle, holding the customer payload fixture, to the launch site, where it will be integrated onto the rocket. The rocket will then transport our vehicle to the drop-off orbit. After separation from the rocket, our vehicle will transport our customers’ payloads to their chosen final orbit.

We are designing our water plasma thrusters to enable our vehicle to efficiently transport each customer payload to its respective orbit. We believe our hub-and-spoke model has the potential to expand our customers’ deployment options relative to what they could achieve with ride share launch alone, while reducing their costs relative to what they could achieve with a dedicated small launch vehicle.

Initially, after delivering our customer payloads to their final orbits, our vehicles will de-orbit. However, our plan is to develop the capability for our vehicles to be reusable, such that, upon delivery of the payload, they will be capable of remaining in space to conduct additional missions.

Hosted Payload. We are designing our transfer vehicles for modularity and ease of integration with customer payloads, and with a full suite of capabilities that our customers will need on orbit. Under our Hosted Payload model, our vehicle, after transporting a customer payload to a specific orbit, would stay connected to the payload for the duration of its mission to provide continuous power, orbit maintenance, orientation, and communications to support telemetry, commanding, and downlinking of payload data. Our objective is to offer a higher degree of modularity which we believe has the potential to significantly increase orbital accessibility and/or lower manufacturing costs for a wide range of satellite operators.

In-Orbit Servicing. We view in-orbit servicing of satellites as a quickly growing business opportunity. As the number of satellites in space increases, so does their need to be serviced. We plan to design Momentus’ future reusable vehicles to be capable of performing in-orbit servicing and are pursuing development activities that support this objective. Although we are still in very preliminary stages for developing this technology, our aim is to equip

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future vehicles with robotic arms and the ability to maneuver in close proximity to other spacecraft and dock or berth with them. Once fully developed, we believe these capabilities could allow us to offer a suite of different in-orbit services, such as inspection, refueling, life extension, re-positioning, salvage missions, maintenance and repair, and de-orbiting.

Factors Affecting Our Performance

We believe that our performance and future success depend to a substantial extent on our ability to capitalize on the following opportunities, which in turn is subject to significant risks and challenges, including those discussed below and in the section titled “Risk Factors” under Part II, Item 1A: "Risk Factors," in this Form 10-Q and under Part I, Item 1A in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 9, 2022.

In-Space Transport and Service Vehicles and Related Technology Development

Our primary research and development objectives focus on the development of our existing and future in-space transfer and service vehicles and related water plasma propulsion technology.

Vigoride is the first vehicle that Momentus is developing. Once fully developed, tested and validated in space, we expect Vigoride will be sufficient to meet our initial operating plan of offering in-space transportation in low-earth orbit to small satellites. Vigoride is intended to transport up to 750 kg of customer payload in low-earth orbit, although our payload capacity will likely be lower in most common configurations. We have set the delta-v and host power objectives for Vigoride at 2 km/sec and 1 kW, respectively, which we believe we can achieve a few years into our product roadmap.

Beyond our inaugural launch in May 2022, we have entered into launch services agreements with SpaceX that secure space for Vigoride on launch vehicles that SpaceX currently targets operating in the second half of 2022 and in 2023. We believe these early missions will allow us to further validate Vigoride’s capabilities. While securing space on the manifest is an important step, all future missions remain subject to the receipt of licenses and government approvals, and successful completion of our efforts to prepare our spacecraft for flight. The Company can offer no assurances that the vehicles that it plans to operate in future missions will be ready on time, or that they will operate as intended. Refer to “Risk Factors — We may not receive all required governmental licenses and approvals,” and “Risk Factors — We are dependent on the successful development of our satellite vehicles and related technology,” under Part II, Item 1A: "Risk Factors," in this Form 10-Q and under Part I, Item 1A in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 9, 2022.

Early Vigoride vehicles will not be reusable, meaning that we will de-orbit them following delivery of their customer payloads. However, around the middle of this decade, we plan to make our vehicles capable of reuse such that, upon delivery of their payloads, they will be able to remain in space to conduct follow-on missions. Establishing reusable vehicles will require significant additional research and technological developments. We believe our choice of water as a propellant will help with the creation of reusable vehicles because water can be stored without special conditions, other than ensuring lines and tanks do not freeze or become obstructed with ice, for an indefinite amount of time and pumped easily. Additionally, water is safe and non-hazardous relative to commonly used propellants such as cryogenic components and hypergolic toxic fuels for chemical propulsion, or highly pressurized noble gases (such as xenon or krypton) for electrical propulsion. We believe that if we are able to achieve reusability, it will allow us to lower manufacturing and launch costs on a per-ride basis and achieve higher margins and returns for our investors while also reducing our environmental impact.

Beyond Vigoride, we envision bringing two progressively larger vehicles to market, currently called Ardoride and Fervoride. These vehicles will be similar to our Vigoride vehicle, but with larger structures, larger solar arrays, and more powerful propulsion systems in order to carry progressively larger payloads progressively further from Earth.

The successful development of our vehicles with water plasma propulsion technology involves uncertainties, including:

•timing in finalizing systems design and specifications;

•successful completion of test programs and demonstration missions;

•whether we will receive and the timing of receipt of licenses and government approvals that will allow us to fly our vehicles in space and gather valuable data that will assist in further development of our vehicles;

•meeting stated technological objectives and goals for the design on time, on budget and within target cost objectives;

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•our ability to obtain additional applicable approvals, licenses or certifications from regulatory agencies and maintaining current approvals, licenses or certifications;

•our ability to secure slots on our launch providers’ manifests;

•performance of our manufacturing facility despite risks that disrupt productions, such as natural disasters;

•performance of our third-party contractors that support our research and development activities;

•performance of a limited number of suppliers for certain raw materials and supplied components and their willingness to do business with us;

•our ability to protect our intellectual property critical to the design and function of our orbital service vehicles;

•our ability to continue funding and maintaining our current research and development activities;

•the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on us, our customers, suppliers and distributors, and the global economy; and

•our ability to comply with the terms of the NSA and any related compliance measures instituted by the Security Director.

A change in the outcome of any of these variables could delay the development of our vehicles which in turn could impact our business and results of operations. Refer to “Risk Factors,” under Part II, Item 1A: "Risk Factors," in this Form 10-Q and under Part I, Item 1A in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 9, 2022.

Initial and Successive Launches

Our water plasma propulsion technology (that we are developing) is based on the use of microwave electrothermal or “MET,” thrusters, which we believe could ultimately provide safe, affordable, reliable, and regular in-space services, including Space Transportation, Hosted Payload, and In-Orbit Servicing. To accomplish this, we currently intend to:

Develop our commercial program for in-space transportation. We conducted our inaugural demonstration mission with our Vigoride vehicle (Vigoride 3) in May 2022. We currently plan to fly our second Vigoride vehicle on a SpaceX Transporter flight as early as December 2022. All future missions remain subject to the receipt of licenses and government approvals, and successful completion of our efforts to prepare our spacecraft for flight. The Company can offer no assurances that the vehicles that it plans to operate in future missions will be ready on time, or that they will operate as intended. Refer to “Risk Factors — We may not receive all required governmental licenses and approvals,” and “Risk Factors — We are dependent on the successful development of our satellite vehicles and related technology,” under Part II, Item 1A: "Risk Factors," in this Form 10-Q and under Part I, Item 1A in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 9, 2022.

Launch our commercial program for Hosted Payload. If in the future our vehicles are operationalized for their intended in-space transport uses, we plan to develop a modular approach to satellite systems through our hosted payload model. For missions that require significant power for the payload and/or specific orbits, our objective is for Momentus to be able to provide a unique combination of a low-cost service model, in-orbit flexibility, and high electrical power generation.

Launch our commercial program for In-Orbit Servicing. If we develop reusability for our vehicles as currently contemplated, we believe we will be able to begin offering a suite of different in-orbit services to our clients. Although we have not yet developed these capabilities or the technology that would be required to provide these services, such services may include inspection, refueling, life extension, re-positioning, salvage missions, maintenance and repair, and de-orbiting. As the quantity of satellites sent into space continues to increase, we anticipate growing demand from such services.

The success of our in-space infrastructure services business will depend on our ability to successfully and regularly deliver customer satellites into custom orbits. Our early missions, particularly those in 2022 and 2023, including our inaugural mission (Vigoride 3) in May 2022, are intended to be demonstration missions. The primary goals of our planned demonstration missions are to test Vigoride on orbit and learn from any issues that we encounter. The lessons learned from demonstration missions will help inform changes we can make to our Vigoride vehicle as we seek to ultimately certify a design for production. Depending on the nature of issues we encounter, our schedule for future launches and other planned activities could be adversely affected. There can be no assurance that we will not experience operational or process failures and other problems during our future demonstration missions or on any future mission. Any failures or setbacks, particularly those that we experienced on our inaugural mission (Vigoride 3) and those that we may encounter on other early missions, could harm our reputation and have a material adverse

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effect on our business, financial condition and results of operation. Refer to “Risk Factors — We are dependent on the successful development of our satellite vehicles and related technology,” under Part II, Item 1A: "Risk Factors," in this Form 10-Q and under Part I, Item 1A in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 9, 2022.

Customer Demand

We have received significant interest from a range of satellite operators, satellite manufacturers, satellite aggregators, launch service providers, and others. As of September 30, 2022, we had collected approximately $2.4 million in customer deposits related to future launches. While our standard contracts do not contain refunds or recourse provisions that enable our customers to recover any non-refundable deposits that have been paid, we issued refunds totaling $1.4 million to customers during the year ended December 31, 2021 due to cancelled launches for 2021 in order to foster future business relationships and customer goodwill.

Because our technologies have not yet been fully tested, our service offering to our customers on our demonstration missions will be limited. To reflect this, we expect to provide discounts to customers on these demonstration missions relative to the price we intend to eventually charge for our transportation services. During our demonstration missions, we plan to demonstrate Vigoride’s ability to deploy satellites. Once all customer payloads have been released, we plan to perform certain maneuvers and technology demonstrations to validate our technology and establish the potential commercial viability of our strategy. This approach limits risk for us as well as for our customers.

We have signed contracts for approximately $43 million in backlog (potential revenue), as of October 31, 2022. These agreements contain firm orders as well as options, allowing customers to opt-in to launches on shorter notice without requiring a separate agreement. The breadth of these signed contracts spans across 19 companies in 14 countries. In general, our customers have the right to cancel their contracts with the understanding that they will forgo their deposits. If a customer cancels a contract before it is required to pay non-refundable deposits, we may not receive revenue from these orders, except for an initial deposit which is paid at the time the contract is signed.

Our backlog is subject to meaningful customer concentration risk. As of October 31, 2022, approximately 90% of the total dollar value of our backlog related to three launch services providers and aggregators of launch services capacity, and their affiliates. The top ten customers in our backlog represent approximately 98% of the total dollar value of our backlog.

In addition, backlog is typically subject to large variations from quarter to quarter and comparisons of backlog from period to period are not necessarily indicative of future revenues. Furthermore, some contracts comprising the backlog are for services scheduled many years in the future, and the economic viability of customers with whom we have contracted is not guaranteed over time. As a result, the contracts comprising our backlog may not result in actual revenue in any particular period, or at all, and the actual revenue from such contracts may differ from our backlog estimates. The timing of receipt of revenues, if any, on projects included in the backlog could change because many factors affect the scheduling of missions and adjustments to contracts may also occur. The failure to realize some portion of our backlog could adversely affect our revenues and gross margins.

COVID-19 Impact

The COVID-19 pandemic has affected our business in the past, including our timeline for our formerly planned launch in April 2020, and has the potential to further impact our business in the future, including our plans for future launches and our ability to secure contracts with customers.

Our non-operations personnel began working from home in March 2020 as we reduced our in-person operations to prioritize the safety of our employees. We have begun to gradually bring essential personnel back to the office, while adhering to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, federal, state and local protective standards. Subject to local regulations and the effectiveness of vaccination initiatives, we intend to gradually bring all employees back

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to the office; until then, we will continue to support our employees working from home. While remote working arrangements have affected our manufacturing and development timelines, the overall impact of this arrangement has not materially adversely affected the timeline of future launches.

In May 2020, to strengthen our liquidity position, we received a Paycheck Protection Program loan (the “PPP Loan”) in the amount of $1.0 million under the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the “CARES Act”); however, in September 2020, we repaid the PPP Loan in full.

Notwithstanding the foregoing, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Company’s business, results of operations and overall financial performance will ultimately depend on future developments, including the duration of the pandemic, possible recurrent outbreaks, the appearance of variants and the effectiveness of vaccines and other mitigation measures against variants, all of which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted. See Part II, Item 1A: "Risk Factors," in this Form 10-Q and under Part I, Item 1A in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 9, 2022, for additional discussion of the potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business.

Recent Developments

At-The-Market Offering

On September 28, 2022, the Momentus entered into an At-the-Market Equity Offering Sales Agreement with a sales agent (the “ATM Sales Agreement”). Pursuant to the ATM Sales Agreement, the Company may from time to time sell, through the sales agent using at-the-market (“ATM”) offerings, shares of Common Stock up to an aggregate offer price of up to $50.0 million. Under the ATM Sales Agreement, the sales agent will be entitled to compensation at a commission rate of up to 3.0% of the gross sales price per share sold.

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 there were no sales under the ATM Sales Agreement.

Consummation of Business Combination

On August 12, 2021, the Company consummated a merger pursuant to certain Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated October 7, 2020, and as amended on March 5, 2021, April 6, 2021, and June 29, 2021 (the “Merger Agreement”), by and among Stable Road Acquisition Corp (“SRAC”), Project Marvel First Merger Sub, Inc., a Delaware corporation and a direct, wholly owned subsidiary of SRAC (“First Merger Sub”), and Project Marvel Second Merger Sub, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company and a direct, wholly owned subsidiary of SRAC (“Second Merger Sub”), pursuant to which First Merger Sub merged with and into Momentus Inc., a Delaware corporation (“Legacy Momentus”) with Legacy Momentus as the surviving corporation of the First Merger Sub, and immediately following which Legacy Momentus merged with and into the Second Merger Sub, with the Second Merger Sub as the surviving entity (the “Business Combination”). In connection with the closing of the Business Combination (the “Closing”), the Company changed its name from Stable Road Acquisition Corp. to Momentus Inc., and Legacy Momentus changed its name to Momentus Space, LLC.

The Business Combination is accounted for as a reverse recapitalization in accordance with GAAP. Under this method of accounting, SRAC is treated as the “acquired” company for financial reporting purposes. We are deemed the accounting predecessor of the combined business, and Momentus Inc., as the parent company of the combined business, is the successor SEC registrant, meaning that our consolidated financial statements for previous periods are disclosed in the registrant’s future periodic reports filed with the SEC.

The Business Combination will have a significant impact on our future reported financial position and results as a consequence of the reverse recapitalization. The most significant changes in Momentus’ future reported financial position and results are an increase in cash of $247.3 million, offset by additional transaction costs for the Business Combination. See Note 3.

As a result of the Business Combination, we became the successor to an SEC-registered and Nasdaq-listed company, which will require us to hire additional personnel and implement procedures and processes to address public company regulatory requirements and customary practices. We have begun to incur additional recurring expenses as a public company for, among other things, directors’ and officers’ liability insurance, director fees, and additional internal and external accounting, legal and administrative resources.

Term Loan and Security Agreement

On February 22, 2021, the Company entered into the Term Loan which provided the Company with up to $40.0 million in borrowing capacity at an annual interest rate of 12%. $25.0 million of the Term Loan was immediately available for borrowing by the Company at the inception of the agreement, the Company borrowed this amount on March 1, 2021. The remaining $15.0 million of borrowing capacity is no longer available as the Company did not

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achieve certain milestones needed by the June 30, 2021 deadline. Under the terms of the loan, if certain operating cash ratios are not met, the lender is granted a lien on the Company’s intellectual property while the loan is outstanding. Prior to the Business Combination, the lien was granted but was subsequently released as a result of the proceeds from the Business Combination. The repayment terms of the Term Loan provide for interest-only payments beginning March 1, 2021 through February 28, 2022.

Under the original terms of the loan, the principal amount was due and payable on March 1, 2022, however, during January 2022, the Company exercised its option to pay back the Term Loan over 24 months. The extended payment term resulted in a recast schedule with a lower effective interest rate. See Note 10.

In addition, the lender will have certain rights to participate in future private equity offerings (including convertible notes or bridge financings) of Momentus.

SEC Settlement and CFIUS Review

We have incurred significant expenses in connection with the CFIUS review described below and have incurred and expect to incur significant expenses in connection with the implementation of the NSA described below. We have also incurred significant expenses related to the SEC settlement discussed below. As of September 30, 2022, the Company had incurred legal expenses of approximately $9.1 million related to these matters.

SEC Settlement

On July 13, 2021, the Company agreed to a settlement with the SEC on a “neither admit nor deny” basis, in anticipation of cease-and-desist proceedings relating to certain violations of antifraud provisions of the federal securities laws alleged by the SEC. As a result of the settlement, the Company agreed to a civil penalty of $7.0 million, $2.0 million of which was paid immediately and $5.0 million of which is payable within one year of the settlement order. The Company paid the remaining $5 million liability on July 8, 2022.

CFIUS Review and NSA

In February 2021, Momentus and its co-founder Mikhail Kokorich, with support from SRAC, submitted a joint notice to CFIUS for review of the historical acquisitions of interests in Momentus by Mr. Kokorich, his wife, and entities that they control in response to concerns of the U.S. Department of Defense (the “DoD”) regarding Momentus’ foreign ownership and control. On June 8, 2021, the Company entered into a National Security Agreement with Mr. Kokorich, on behalf of himself and Nortrone Finance S.A. (an entity controlled by Mr. Kokorich), Lev Khasis and Olga Khasis, each in their respective individual capacities and on behalf of Brainyspace LLC (an entity controlled by Olga Khasis), and the U.S. government, represented by the DoD and the U.S. Department of the Treasury (such agreement, the “NSA”). In accordance with the NSA, Mr. Kokorich, Nortrone Finance S.A., Lev Khasis and his wife Olga Khasis, and Brainyspace LLC divested all the equity interests in Momentus owned or beneficially owned by them by selling such equity interests to the Company on June 8, 2021 (see below “Co-Founder Divestment”). The NSA also established various requirements and restrictions on the Company in order to protect national security, certain of which may materially and adversely affect our operating results due to the cost of compliance with security measures, and limitations on our control over certain U.S. facilities, contracts, personnel, vendor selection and operations. The Company has made progress in implementing the NSA by achieving baseline compliance and incorporating security measures into Company policies and procedures addressing some NSA risk.

Co-Founder Divestment and Stock Repurchase Agreements

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equity) resulting in cash proceeds of no less than $100,000,000 and (B) the Business Combination (the “First Payment Date”); and (ii) an aggregate of $10,000,000 to be paid out of funds legally available therefor, within 10 business days after a business combination or capital raising transaction or series of transactions (whether in the form of debt or equity) resulting in cash proceeds of no less than $250,000,000 (determined without any reduction for the $100,000,000 previously received in respect of the First Payment Date).

As a result of the Business Combination, which generated $247.3 million of gross proceeds (as described in Note 3), the Company paid the Co-Founders $40.0 million in addition to the initial consideration paid of $3. The Company recorded the consideration paid as a reduction of common stock and additional paid in capital. Pursuant to the NSA, a portion of those divestment proceeds were placed in escrow accounts, and may not be released to the divested investors until after completion of audit by a third party auditor of the investors compliance with the NSA and the lapse of a 15 day period without an objection from the CFIUS Monitoring Agencies. Following the third party audit of the investors’ NSA compliance, all of the escrowed divestment proceeds were released to the Co-Founders as of March 1, 2022 in accordance with the NSA.

The Company evaluated and periodically re-evaluates this potential consideration as a liability under ASC 480 utilizing a probability-weighted approach. Certain factors which would enable successful fundraising were considered, including progress toward compliance with the NSA, research and development progress, and agreements with launch providers as well as the Company’s fundraising efforts under the at-the-market offering program describe above, resulting in an estimated liability of $10.0 million expected to be paid to the Co-Founders with a corresponding offset to additional paid in capital within the statements of stockholders’ equity (deficit), as of September 30, 2022.

The payment came from proceeds of the Business Combination and PIPE Investment and therefore reduce the proceeds available to Momentus to fund its operations and capital expenditures going forward.

As part of the stock repurchase agreements, both Messrs. Kokorich and Khasis agreed to a broad waiver and release of all claims (broadly defined) against the Company. The Company has maintained that this release is effective as to various advancement and indemnification claims either individual may have against the Company.

See “Risk Factors — We may require substantial additional funding to finance our operations, but adequate additional financing may not be available when we need it, on acceptable terms or at all,” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed by the Company on March 9, 2022.

Components of Results of Operations

Service Revenue

We enter into contracts for ‘last-mile’ satellite and cargo delivery, payload hosting and in-orbit servicing options with customers that are primarily in the aerospace industry. The Company recognizes revenue (along with any other fees that have been paid) upon the earlier of the satisfaction of our performance obligation or when the customer cancels the contract.

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recognized revenue, which was previously recorded in contract liabilities. The remaining customer payloads were negatively impacted by the Vigoride anomalies and as a result did not receive the anticipated level of service. As a result, the Company offered concessions to these customers, the value of which was unresolved as of June 30, 2022. Due to this uncertainty, the Company recorded the related customer deposits of $133 thousand as deferred revenues within current contract liabilities as of June 30, 2022.

The Company estimates variable consideration at the most likely amount, which is included in the transaction price to the extent it is probable that a significant reversal of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur. While the Company’s standard contracts do not contain refund or recourse provisions that enable its customers to recover any non-refundable fees that have been paid, the Company may issue full or partial refunds to customers on a case-by-case basis as necessary to preserve and foster future business relationships and customer goodwill. As a result of the Company’s inability to complete any launches in 2021 (refer to Note 4 for additional information), the Company issued customer refunds of $1.4 million to customers during the year ended December 31, 2021.

Cost of Revenue

Cost of revenue consists primarily of expenses associated with the cost of the orbital service vehicle and third-party launch costs. Until the orbital service vehicle design is completed and released for production, the cost of these orbital service vehicles is being expensed as research and development costs as materials and services are received. The current design and technology allow for a single use of the orbital service vehicle.

Research and Development

Research and development expenditures consist primarily of the cost for the following activities for developing existing and future technologies for our vehicles. Research and development activities include basic research, applied research, design, development, and related test program activities. Costs incurred for developing our vehicles primarily include equipment, material, and labor hours (both internal and subcontractors). The Company also records launch costs related to the testing of its Vigoride vehicles as research and development costs.

As of September 30, 2022, we have expensed all research and development costs associated with developing and building our vehicles. Once we have achieved technological feasibility and released the design for volume production, we will capitalize the costs to construct any additional components for the vehicles. We expect to continue to see an increase in our research and development expenses as we develop our next generation of vehicles.

Selling, General and Administrative

Selling, general and administrative expenses consist of human capital related expenses for employees involved in general corporate functions, including executive management and administration, accounting, finance, tax, legal, information technology, security, sales, marketing, and human resources; depreciation expense and rent relating to facilities, and equipment; professional fees; and other general corporate costs. Headcount-related expenses primarily

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include salaries, bonuses, equity compensation expense and benefits. As we continue to grow as a company, we expect that our selling, general and administrative costs will increase on an absolute dollar basis. The Company also recorded one-time launch costs related to the validation of the business model as selling, general and administrative costs.

We also have begun to incur additional expenses as a result of operating as a public company, including expenses necessary to comply with the rules and regulations applicable to companies listed on a national securities exchange and related to compliance and reporting obligations pursuant to the rules and regulations of the SEC as well as to comply with the NSA.

Interest Income

Interest income consists of interest earned on investment holdings in interest bearing bank accounts.

Interest Expense

Interest expense includes interest incurred related to our loan payables as well as the amortization of warrant discount and debt issuance costs.

Other Income/Expense

Other income/expense primarily relates to the change in the estimated fair value of our SAFE notes and warrants, and non-recurring fees incurred in conjunction with the SAFE and Term Loan financing, SEC settlement cost, and the Business Combination.

Income Tax Provision

We are subject to income taxes in the United States. Our income tax provision consists of an estimate of federal and state income taxes based on enacted federal and state tax rates, as adjusted for allowable credits, deductions, uncertain tax positions, changes in the valuation of our deferred tax assets and liabilities, and changes in tax laws.

The effective tax rate may vary significantly from period to period and can be influenced by many factors. These factors include, but are not limited to, changes to the statutory rates in the jurisdictions where the Company has operations and changes in the valuation of deferred tax assets and liabilities. The difference between the effective tax rate and the federal statutory rate of 21% primarily relates to certain nondeductible items, state and local income taxes and a full valuation allowance for deferred tax assets.

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Results of Operations

The following tables set forth our results of operations for the periods presented. The period-to-period comparisons of financial results is not necessarily indicative of future results.

Comparison of Financial Results for the Three Months Ended September 30, 2022 and 2021


	Three Months Ended September 30,
(in thousands)	2022		2021		$ Change		% Change
Service revenue	$	129	$	200	$	(71)	(36	%)
Cost of revenue	14		(184)		198		(108	%)
Gross margin	115		384		(269)		(70	%)

Operating expenses:
Research and development expenses	10,571		9,047		1,524		17	%
Selling, general and administrative expenses	11,184		12,057		(873)		(7	%)
Operating loss	(21,640)		(20,721)		(919)		4	%

Other income (expense):
Decrease in fair value of SAFE notes	—		26,924		(26,924)		(100	%)
Decrease (increase) in fair value of warrants	1,579		(2,712)		4,291		(158	%)
Realized gain on disposal of asset	(45)		—		(45)		N/A
Interest income	28		—		28		N/A
Interest expense	(1,261)		(4,328)		3,067		(71	%)

Other income (expense)	41		(4,778)		4,819		(101	%)
(Loss) income before income taxes	(21,298)		(5,614)		(15,684)		279	%

Net (loss) income	$	(21,298)	$	(5,614)	(15,684)		279	%

Service revenue

The revenue recognized during the three months ended September 30, 2022 was due to the resolution of variable consideration uncertainties, relating to Vigoride anomalies and subsequent concessions, which had caused the Company to defer revenues pertaining to its first launch in May 2022, as well as forfeited customer deposits related to contract cancellations.

The revenue recognized during the three months ended September 30, 2021 was due to a cancelled customer contract, which resulted in the forfeiture of the related customer deposits.

(Reversal of) Cost of revenue

The cost of revenue during the three months ended September 30, 2022 was due to the revenue recognition relating to deferred revenues from the Company’s first launch in May 2022 described above. The Company allocated the cost of the launch proportionally based on payload weight.

The reduction of cost of revenue during the three months ended September 30, 2021 represents the reversal of a contingency recorded during the prior year for loss contracts related to free slots on future missions. During the three months ended September 30, 2021 the Company signed amendments or terminations with those customers such that the services will no longer be free of charge.

Research and development expenses

Research and development expenses increased from $9.0 million in the three months ended September 30, 2021 to $10.6 million in the three months ended September 30, 2022. The increase was primarily due to additional payroll costs of $1.6 million (including an increase of $0.7 million in non-cash stock based compensation) due to an increase in headcount, and higher compensation packages related to the transition from start-up to a publicly traded company. Spending on components, materials, and other costs also increased by $0.3 million, along with additional overhead and other costs of $0.4 million. These increases were offset by decreased subcontracted research and development costs of $0.8 million.

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Selling, general and administrative expenses

Selling, general and administrative expenses decreased from $12.1 million in the three months ended September 30, 2021 to $11.2 million in the three months ended September 30, 2022. The decrease was primarily driven by a reduction of $1.1 million in legal spending as the Company’s activity related to the NSA and SEC topics discussed in Note 12 shifted from legal proceedings to compliance, along with a wider range of smaller litigation matters. Non-cash stock based compensation costs decreased by $0.5 million due to a stock option modification in the prior year (described in Note 11), off-set by higher stock based compensation costs for employees since becoming a publicly traded company. These decreases were offset by additional insurance costs of $0.3 million and additional general corporate costs of $0.4 million were incurred due to the extra requirements of operating as a publicly traded company.

Decrease in fair value of SAFE notes

The decrease in the calculated fair value of SAFE notes during the three months ended September 30, 2021 was primarily due to a decrease in the estimated fair value of the Company’s stock, which at that time was driven by its relation to the market price of SRAC. All outstanding SAFE notes were converted to Common Stock upon completion of the Business Combination (see Note 9). Prior to conversion, our SAFE notes were classified as marked-to-market liabilities pursuant to ASC 480 and gains or losses were recorded as other income or expense.

Decrease (increase) in fair value of warrants

For the three months ended September 30, 2021, the increase in the calculated fair value of the private loan-related warrants, which were accounted for as a derivative liability, was primarily attributable to the final fair value measurement of the warrants that were exercised in connection with the Business Combination, in which the expected period was the shortest period of time of any measurement. The assumed warrant liabilities from the Business Combination also increased in value due to the Company’s stock increasing in fair value in the remainder of the period following the Merger. See Note 11.

For the three months ended September 30, 2022, the decrease in the calculated fair value of the Company’s currently outstanding warrants, which were assumed from the Business Combination, was primarily driven by the observable market price of the publicly listed warrants to purchase the Company’s stock under comparable terms. See Note 11.

Interest expense

Interest expense of $4.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2021 relates to cash and amortization interest under the original one year term of the Term Loan. During January 2022, the Company exercised its option to extend repayment of the loan, resulting in a decrease of the effective interest rate and lower cash and amortization interest of $1.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022. See Note 10.

Other income (expense)

Other income in the three months ended September 30, 2022 was immaterial. Other expense in the three months ended September 30, 2021 was due to the transaction costs allocated to the liability-classified warrant assumed in connection with the Business Combination.

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Comparison of Financial Results for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022 and 2021


	Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in thousands)	2022		2021		$ Change		% Change
Service revenue	$	179	$	330	$	(151)	(46	%)
Cost of revenue	26		(135)		161		(119	%)
Gross margin	153		465		(312)		(67	%)

Operating expenses:
Research and development expenses	31,438		39,747		(8,309)		(21	%)
Selling, general and administrative expenses	38,898		35,802		3,096		9	%
Operating loss	(70,183)		(75,084)		4,901		(7	%)

Other income (expense):
Decrease in fair value of SAFE notes	—		209,291		(209,291)		(100	%)
Decrease in fair value of warrants	3,382		9,826		(6,444)		(66	%)
Realized loss on disposal of asset	(114)		—		(114)		N/A
Interest income	33		2		31		1550	%
Interest expense	(4,166)		(8,685)		4,519		(52	%)
SEC settlement	—		(7,000)		7,000		(100	%)
Other income (expense)	44		(4,965)		5,009		(101	%)
(Loss) income before income taxes	(71,004)		123,385		(194,389)		(158	%)
Income tax expense	—		1		(1)		(100	%)
Net (loss) income	$	(71,004)	$	123,384	(194,388)		(158	%)

Service revenue

The revenue recognized during the nine months ended September 30, 2022 was primarily due to the Company’s first launch in May 2022. This revenue was recognized as the result of a completed performance obligation, as well as other performance obligations which were negatively impacted by the Vigoride 3 anomalies and led to concessions offered to customers, the value of which was resolved after the completion of the mission. Additional revenues were recognized from forfeited customer deposits related to contract cancellations.

The revenue recognized during the nine months ended September 30, 2021 was due to customer contract cancellations, resulting in the forfeiture of $0.3 million of non-refundable customer deposits.

(Reversal of) Cost of revenue

The cost of revenue during the nine months ended September 30, 2022 was due to the Company’s first launch in May 2022. The Company allocated the cost of the launch proportionally based on payload weight.

The reversal of cost of revenue recorded during the nine months ended September 30, 2021 represents the reversal of a contingency recorded during the prior year for loss contracts related to free slots on future missions. During the nine months ended September 30, 2021 the Company signed amendments or terminations with those customers such that the services will no longer be free of charge. The reversed contingency was offset by costs incurred related to one of the cancelled contracts.

Research and development expenses

Research and development expenses decreased from $39.7 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2021 to $31.4 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2022. The decrease was primarily due to one-time impairments of $9.5 million of prepaid launch deposits in the prior year, offset by $0.6 million of launch costs amortized during the nine months ended September 30, 2022. Spending on components, materials, and other costs decreased by $1.2 million along with subcontracted research and development costs which decreased by $2.3 million. These reductions were offset by additional payroll costs of $1.8 million (including an increase of $1.5 million in non-cash stock based compensation) due to an increase in headcount, and higher compensation packages related to the transition from start-up to a publicly traded company. The decrease was further offset by additional overhead and other costs of $0.9 million.

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Selling, general and administrative expenses

Selling, general and administrative expenses increased from $35.8 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2021 to $38.9 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2022. Non-stock based compensation payroll increased by $1.8 million, with total headcount increasing, and also due to higher compensation packages for senior employees related to the transition from a start-up to a publicly traded company. Additional insurance costs of $1.7 million and additional general corporate costs of $2.0 million were incurred due to the extra requirements of operating as a publicly traded company. Increased spending of $6.2 million on non-legal professional fees was offset by a reduction of $5.1 million in legal spending as the Company’s activity related to the NSA and SEC topics discussed in Note 12 shifted from legal proceedings to compliance. Stock based compensation cost decreased by $4.1 million due to the non-recurring stock modification in the prior period. The Company also incurred launch costs of $0.6 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2022, related to the validation of a third party deployer of a partner company.

Decrease in fair value of SAFE notes

The decrease in the calculated fair value of SAFE notes during the nine months ended September 30, 2021 was primarily due to a decrease in the estimated fair value of the Company’s stock, which at that time was driven by its relation to the market price of SRAC. All outstanding SAFE notes were converted to Common Stock upon completion of the Business Combination (see Note 9). Prior to conversion, our SAFE notes were classified as marked-to-market liabilities pursuant to ASC 480 and gains or losses were recorded as other income or expense.

Decrease in fair value of warrants

For the nine months ended September 30, 2021, the decrease in the calculated fair value of the private loan-related warrants was due to the decrease in the estimated fair value of the Company’s stock. The private loan-related warrants in the prior period were exercised in connection with the Business Combination. This decrease was offset by an increase in the value of the assumed warrant liabilities from the Business Combination due to the Company’s stock increasing in fair value in the remainder of the period following the Merger.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2022, the decrease in the calculated fair value of the Company’s currently outstanding warrants, which were assumed from the Business Combination, was primarily driven by the observable market price of the publicly listed warrants to purchase the Company’s stock under comparable terms. See Note 11.

Interest expense

Interest expense of $8.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 relates to cash and amortization interest under the original one year term of the Term Loan. During January 2022, the Company exercised its option to extend repayment of the loan, resulting in a decrease of the effective interest rate and $4.2 million of cash and amortization interest for the nine month period. See Note 10.

SEC Settlement

SEC settlement expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 relates to a civil penalty of $7.0 million, $2 million of which was paid to the SEC immediately and $5 million of which is payable within one year of the settlement order, in July 2022. The Company paid the remaining $5 million liability on July 8, 2022.

Other income (expense)

Other expense in the nine months ended September 30, 2021 was due to the transaction costs allocated to the liability-classified warrant assumed in connection with the Business Combination, as well as banking fees related to SAFE financing raised during the period. Other income for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 was immaterial.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Since inception, we have financed our operations primarily by issuing equity and debt, including the proceeds of the Business Combination and PIPE Investment. As of September 30, 2022, our principal sources of liquidity were our cash and cash equivalents in the amount of $81.6 million, which are held in cash or invested in money market funds.

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Historical Cash Flows


	Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in thousands)	2022		2021
Net cash provided by (used in)
Operating activities	$	(71,495)	$	(69,897)
Investing activities	(641)		(2,852)
Financing activities	(6,244)		228,421
Net change in cash and cash equivalents	$	(78,380)	$	155,672

Operating Activities

Net cash used in operating activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 was $71.5 million, driven primarily by headcount costs, research and development activities, and professional fees related to the SEC and NSA compliance costs, as well as net cash changes in operating assets and liabilities. Headcount related payroll costs, excluding accrued bonus and stock-based compensation, were $21.9 million. Research and development activity expenses, including materials, components, and subcontractor costs were $11.2 million. Professional fees for compliance related to the SEC and NSA topics discussed in Note 12, business development, accounting and audit, and other services, were $10.8 million. Legal fees, related to public company costs as well as the class action complaints discussed in Note 12 were $6.7 million. Office overheads, other general corporate expenses, and cash interest were $12.3 million. The Company paid for $1.2 million of launch costs during the nine months ended September 30, 2022 that were amortized in connection with its first launch. The Company additionally had net cash changes in operating assets and liabilities of $7.2 million, which included payment of the $5.0 million SEC settlement payable.

Net cash used in operating activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 was $69.9 million, driven primarily by headcount costs, research and development activities, and selling, general, and administrative costs. Headcount related payroll costs, excluding accrued bonus and stock-based compensation, were $16.2 million. Research and development activity expenses, including materials, components, and subcontractor costs were $14.8 million. Legal fees, related to the SEC and CFIUS review topics, discussed in Note 12, were $11.8 million. Professional fees for recruiting, accounting and audit, and other services were $4.5 million. Office overheads, other general corporate expenses, and cash interest were $7.5 million. The Company also paid $2.0 million of its liability under the SEC settlement and $4.8 million of transaction costs related to the Business Combination allocated to operating costs. Additionally, cash used in net working capital increased by $10.7 million.

Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities was $0.6 million and $2.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, and 2021, respectively, which consisted primarily of purchases of machinery and equipment, and build-outs in our facility.

Financing Activities

Net cash used in financing activities was $6.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, due to the first four months of principal repayment under the Term Loan.

Net cash provided by financing activities was $228.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2021, consisting of proceeds from the issuance of SAFE notes, borrowing under the Term Loan, and the Business Combination and PIPE.

Funding Requirements

Specifically, our operating expenses will increase as we:

•scale up our corporate infrastructure, people, processes and systems;

•enhance and scale our sales and marketing function;

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•scale up our manufacturing capabilities increasing facility footprint, purchasing additional manufacturing equipment;

•pursue further research and development related to developing our next generation vehicles;

•seek regulatory approvals for changes or updates to our vehicles;

•hire additional personnel;

•implement measures required under the NSA and seek to comply with the NSA’s requirements;

•maintain, expand and protect our intellectual property portfolio;

•comply with public company reporting requirements; and

•defend against litigation.

We expect that our current cash and cash equivalents, our projected gross profit (revenue less cost of revenue), and additional funding from equity or debt financings will enable us to fund an anticipated operating expenses, research and development expenses and capital expenditures beyond the next 12 months. Additionally, we believe that the payments in the form of non-refundable deposits we receive from our customers prior to launch will provide sufficient funding and liquidity to support costs incurred related to that mission.

We have based these estimates on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and we could utilize our available capital resources sooner than we expect. For example, the research and development, volume production, launch and in orbit operation of our vehicles have unpredictable costs and are subject to significant risks, uncertainties and contingencies, many of which are beyond our control, that may affect the timing and magnitude of these anticipated expenditures. Some of these risks and uncertainties are described in more detail under Part II, Item 1A: "Risk Factors," in this Form 10-Q and under Part I, Item 1A in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 9, 2022, under the heading “Risk Factors — Risks Related to the Business and Industry of Momentus.”

Although we believe that our current capital is adequate to sustain our operations for a period of time, changing circumstances may cause us to expend capital significantly faster than we currently anticipate, or we may need to spend more money than currently expected because of circumstances beyond our control. We may be required to seek additional equity or debt financing. In the event that additional financing is required from outside sources, we may not be able to raise it on terms acceptable to us, or at all. If we are unable to raise additional capital when desired, our business, results of operations, and financial condition would be adversely affected.

Commitments and Contingencies

We are a party to operating leases primarily for facilities (e.g., office buildings, warehouses and spaceport) under non-cancellable operating leases. These leases expire at various dates through 2028. Refer to Note 7.

We have principal of $18.3 million outstanding under the Term Loan. Refer to Note 10.

We enter into purchase obligations in the normal course of business. These obligations include purchase orders and agreements to purchase goods or services that are enforceable, legally binding, and have significant terms and minimum purchases stipulated. Refer to Note 12.

Per the SEC settlement, $5 million of the civil penalty is due one year after the settlement. Refer to Note 12. The Company paid the remaining $5 million liability on July 8, 2022.

In addition, we enter into agreements in the normal course of business with vendors for research and development services and outsourced services, which are generally cancellable upon written notice. These payments are not included in this table of contractual obligations.

Co-Founder Divestment and Stock Repurchase Agreements

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Payment Date”); and (ii) an aggregate of $10,000,000 to be paid out of funds legally available therefor, within 10 business days after a business combination or capital raising transaction or series of transactions (whether in the form of debt or equity) resulting in cash proceeds of no less than $250,000,000 (determined without any reduction for the $100,000,000 previously received in respect of the First Payment Date).

As a result of the Business Combination, which generated $247.3 million of gross proceeds (as described in Note 3), the Company paid the Co-Founders $40.0 million in addition to the initial consideration paid of $3. The Company recorded the consideration paid as a reduction of common stock and additional paid in capital. Pursuant to the NSA, a portion of those divestment proceeds were placed in escrow accounts, and may not be released to the divested investors until after completion of audit by a third party auditor of the investors compliance with the NSA and the lapse of a 15 day period without an objection from the CFIUS Monitoring Agencies. Following the third party audit of the investors’ NSA compliance, all of the escrowed divestment proceeds were released to the Co-Founders as of March 1, 2022 in accordance with the NSA.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We do not engage in any off-balance sheet activities or have any arrangements or relationships with unconsolidated entities, such as variable interest, special purpose, and structured finance entities.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based upon our financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of our financial statements and related disclosures requires us to make estimates, assumptions and judgments as of the balance sheet date that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues, costs and expenses and related disclosures. Our actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions and conditions.

Revenue Recognition

We enter into short-term contracts for ‘last-mile’ satellite and cargo delivery, payload hosting and in-orbit servicing options with customers that are primarily in the aerospace industry.

We account for customer contracts in accordance with ASC Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, which includes the following five-step model:

•Identification of the contract, or contracts, with a customer.

•Identification of the performance obligations in the contract.

•Determination of the transaction price.

•Allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract.

•Recognition of revenue when, or as, the Company satisfies a performance obligation.

Our contracts are cancellable for convenience by the customer and typically do not contain variable consideration. However, the full transaction price is collected in advance of the scheduled launch and all fees that are paid are non-refundable (and are not limited to deposits), regardless if the contract is cancelled by the customer or in the event a performance obligation is not satisfied by us. While the Company’s standard contracts do not contain refund or recourse provisions, the Company may issue full or partial refunds to customers on a case-by-case basis as necessary to preserve and foster future business relationships and customer goodwill. As a result of the Company’s inability to

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complete any launches in 2021 (refer to Note 4 for additional information), the Company issued customer refunds of $1.4 million to customers during the year ended December 31, 2021.

Our services are considered a single performance obligation, to transport the customers’ payload to a specified orbit in space. We recognize revenue at a point in time when control is transferred, which is considered to be upon the release of the customers’ payload into its specified orbit. We will calculate the weight distribution of each transfer vehicle at the customer level, and we will estimate the delivery date for each customer’s payload based on the relative weight of payloads released to determine the point in time to recognize revenue for each payload release.

In periods in which we recognize revenue, we will disclose the amounts of revenue recognized that was included as a contract liability balance at the beginning of the reporting period in accordance with ASC 606-10-50-8(b).

In connection with the May 25, 2022 flight of the Vigoride spacecraft and the third-party deployer from a partner company, the Company completed one of the intended performance obligations, resulting in $50 thousand of recognized revenue, which was previously recorded in contract liabilities. The remaining customer payloads were negatively impacted by the Vigoride anomalies and as a result did not receive the anticipated level of service. As a result, the Company offered concessions to these customers, the value of which was unresolved as of June 30, 2022. Due to this uncertainty, the Company recorded the related customer deposits of $133 thousand as deferred revenues within current contract liabilities as of June 30, 2022. During the three months ended September 30, 2022, the Company recognized $129 thousand of revenue. $28 thousand was due to forfeited customer deposits from cancelled customer contracts. The Company also resolved the uncertainties that had caused it to defer revenue from its inaugural launch. As a result, the Company recognized revenue of $101 thousand, and continued to defer $33 thousand now allocated to future services as a result of the variable consideration.

As of September 30, 2022 we have signed contracts with customers and have collected approximately $2.4 million in customer deposits, which are recorded as non-current contract liabilities in our consolidated balance sheet and will be recognized as revenue (along with any other fess that have been paid) upon the earlier of the satisfaction of our performance obligation or when the customer cancels the contract.

Loss Contingencies

We are subject to the possibility of various loss contingencies arising in the ordinary course of business, including product-related and other litigation. We consider the likelihood of loss or impairment of an asset or the incurrence of a liability, as well as our ability to reasonably estimate the amount of loss in determining loss contingencies. An estimated loss contingency is accrued when it is probable that an asset has been impaired or a liability has been incurred and the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated. We regularly evaluate current information available to us to determine whether such accruals should be adjusted and whether new accruals are required. Refer to Note 12.

Deferred Fulfillment and Prepaid Launch Costs

We prepay for certain launch costs to third party providers that will carry the orbital service vehicle to orbit. Prepaid costs allocated to the delivery of a customer’s payload are classified as deferred fulfillment costs and recognized as cost of revenue upon delivery of the customer’s payload. Prepaid costs allocated to our payload are classified as prepaid launch costs and are amortized to research and development expense upon the release of our payload. The allocation is determined based on the distribution between customer and our payload weight on each launch.

On May 21, 2021, the Company received notification from one of its launch service providers that it was terminating two launch service agreements for flights scheduled during calendar year 2021 and that they considered the Company to be in default of prior payments totaling $8.7 million. The Company believed the prepayments would be non-recoverable as this was the third time the payload was rescheduled. As a result of the notification from one of its launch service providers, the Company recorded an impairment charge of $8.7 million of prepaid launch costs during the nine months ended September 30, 2021. There was an unrelated impairment of $0.8 million the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021.

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determination followed a license from the Federal Communications Commission (the “FCC”) received on April 28, 2022, and updates to existing licenses from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (the “NOAA”).

Contract Liabilities

Customer deposits collected prior to the release of the customer’s payload into its specified orbit are recorded as current and non-current contract liabilities in our condensed consolidated balance sheets as the amounts received represent a prepayment for the satisfaction of a future performance obligation that has not yet commenced. Each non-refundable deposit is determined to be a contract liability upon cash collection. Prior to making this determination, we ensure that a valid contract is in place that meets the definition of the existence of a contract in accordance with ASC 606-10-25-1 and 2.

Stock-based Compensation

We have various stock incentive plans under which incentive and non-qualified stock options and restricted stock awards are granted to employees, directors, and consultants. All stock-based payments to employees, including grants of employee stock options are recognized in the financial statements based on their respective grant date fair values.

We recognize stock-based compensation expense using a fair value-based method for costs related to all stock-based payments. We estimate the fair value of stock-based payments on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing model. The model requires management to make a number of assumptions, including expected volatility of our stock, expected life of the option, risk-free interest rate, and expected dividends. The fair value of the stock is expensed over the related service period which is typically the vesting period. The stock-based compensation expense that is reported in our financial statements is based on awards that are expected to vest. We account for forfeitures as they occur.

Estimating the fair value of equity awards as of the grant date using valuation models, such as the Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing model, is affected by assumptions regarding a number of variables as disclosed above, and any changes in the assumptions can materially affect the fair value and ultimately how much stock-based compensation expense is recognized. These inputs are subjective and generally require significant analysis and judgment to develop. See Note 11 for the specific assumptions we used in applying the Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing model to determine the estimated fair value of our stock options and awards granted during the nine months ended September 30, 2022.

We expect our share-based compensation cost will increase to the extent that we grant additional stock option awards to employees and non-employees. If there are any modifications or cancellations of the underlying unvested securities, we may be required to accelerate any remaining unearned share-based compensation cost or incur incremental cost. Share-based compensation cost affects our research and development expenses and selling, general, and administrative expenses.

SAFE Notes

We issued SAFE notes to investors which were converted to shares of Common Stock in connection with the Business Combination. Prior to conversion, we determined that the SAFE notes were not a legal form of debt (i.e., no creditors’ rights). The SAFE notes included a provision allowing for cash redemption upon the consummation of a change of control, the occurrence of which is outside the control of the Company. Therefore, we classified SAFE notes as liabilities as they were redeemable upon a change of control event which is not within the control of the

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Company. SAFE notes were recorded at fair value, and were subject to remeasurement through earnings at each balance sheet date until the date of their respective settlement and classified as marked-to-market liabilities pursuant to ASC 480.

We determined the estimated fair value of the SAFE notes by applying a Backsolve method within the Black-Scholes-Merton Option Pricing model. This methodology effectively allowed us to solve for the implied value of the business based on the terms of the SAFE investments (i.e. the value of the company, such that when allocated to the various securities, the value allocated to the SAFE investment equals the price the investor paid for such SAFE instrument).

Income Taxes

We account for income taxes in accordance with authoritative guidance, which requires the use of the asset and liability method. Under this method, deferred income tax assets and liabilities are determined based upon the difference between the financial statement carrying amounts and the tax basis of assets and liabilities and are measured using the enacted tax rate expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which the differences are expected to be reversed.

In the event that management changes its determination as to the amount of deferred tax assets that can be realized, we will adjust our valuation allowance with a corresponding impact to the provision for income taxes in the period in which such determination is made.

We are required to evaluate the tax positions taken in the course of preparing its tax returns to determine whether tax positions are “more likely than not” of being sustained by the applicable tax authority. Tax benefits of positions not deemed to meet the “more likely than not” threshold would be recorded as a tax expense in the current year. The amount recognized is subject to estimate and management judgment with respect to the likely outcome of each uncertain tax position. The amount that is ultimately sustained for an individual uncertain tax position or for all uncertain tax positions in the aggregate could differ from the amount that is initially recognized.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

From time to time, new accounting pronouncements are issued by the FASB or other standard setting bodies that are adopted by us as of the specified effective date. Unless otherwise discussed, we believe that the impact of recently issued standards that are not yet effective will not have a material impact on our financial position or results of operations upon adoption.

Please refer to Note 2 to our financial statements included in this Form 10-Q for a description of recently adopted accounting pronouncements and recently issued accounting pronouncements not yet adopted, the timing of their adoptions and our assessment, to the extent we have made one, of their potential impact on our financial condition and results of operations.

ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

We are exposed to a variety of market and other risks, including the effects of changes in interest rates, and inflation, as well as risks to the availability of funding sources, hazard events, and specific asset risks.

Interest Rate Risk

The market risk inherent in our financial instruments and our financial position represents the potential loss arising from adverse changes in interest rates. As of September 30, 2022, we had cash and cash equivalents of $81.6 million, which are primarily invested in highly liquid investments purchased with a remaining maturity of three months or less. However, due to the short-term maturities and the low-risk profile of our investments, an immediate 10% change in interest rates would not have a material effect on the fair market value of our cash and cash equivalents.

Because the Term Loan indebtedness bear interests at a fixed rate, it is not impacted by changes in interest rates.

Foreign Currency Risk

There were no material foreign currency transactions for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021. Currently, a significant portion of our cash receipts and expenses are generated in U.S. dollars.

ITEM 4. INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

The Company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed by, or under the supervision of, the Company’s principal executive and principal financial officers, or persons performing similar functions, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements in accordance with GAAP.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) as of September 30, 2022. Based on this evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of such date, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the fiscal quarter ended September 30, 2022 which were identified in connection with management’s evaluation required by paragraph (d) of Rules 13a-15 and 15d-15 under the Exchange Act that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

PART II. Other Information

ITEM 1. Legal Proceedings

See the disclosures under the caption “Legal Proceedings” in Note 12 to our condensed consolidated financial statements in this Form 10-Q for disclosures related to our legal proceedings, which disclosures are incorporated herein by reference.

ITEM 1A. Risk Factors

In addition to the other information set forth in this report, you should carefully consider the risk factors discussed in “Risk Factors” in our most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K filed by the Company on March 9, 2022, which could materially affect our business, financial condition or future results. Except as set forth below, we do not believe that there have been any material changes to the risk factors disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed by the Company on March 9, 2022. The risks described below and in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed by the Company on March 9, 2022, are not the only risks facing our Company. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial also may materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, operating results and/or cash flows.

We have a limited history of delivering customer satellites into orbit using our service vehicles, and setbacks experienced during our initial mission or in future missions and other demonstration and commercial missions could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operation and could harm our reputation.

The success of our in-space infrastructure services business will depend on our ability to successfully and regularly deliver customer satellites to custom orbits. Our initial mission in May 2022 was a hybrid commercial-demonstration mission in which our vehicles would deliver paying customers’ satellites into orbit for the first time. We used a third-party deployer from a partner company to place our first customer satellite in orbit. Our Vigoride spacecraft reached low-earth orbit and was able to deploy two out of nine customer satellites, but certain anomalies relating primarily to its communication and power systems limited our ability to communicate with the vehicle. Since that time, the Vigoride spacecraft has deployed five additional customer satellites, and we continue our efforts to deploy other customer satellites but have not yet confirmed the deployment of the remaining two customer satellites. The communication issues have also prevented Vigoride from performing orbit change maneuvers and technology demonstrations that were part of our program to validate our technology in space, and to demonstrate end-to-end in-space transfer and service operations.

We plan to use future Vigoride missions conduct on-orbit functional proof of principle and performance verification data for the MET — this data will be used to assess the efficacy of the MET and identify potential refinements or upgrades for future versions of the MET in order to improve its performance. Like the ground test campaigns we conduct, on-orbit tests can be understood as incremental confidence-building measures — meeting key requirements for thrust, specific impulse, firing duration, lifetime and other performance parameters will help Momentus determine whether the MET is performing in accordance with our expectations. Doing so repeatedly, both on the ground and on orbit, will demonstrate the soundness and robustness of the design and is expected to contribute to growing customer confidence over time. Despite the anomalies experienced on Vigoride 3, we are using the results of the inaugural mission, and expect to use the data collected from future missions, to determine what services or level of services we will be able to initially provide customers, including the degree to which Vigoride possesses capabilities of providing customers with low-earth orbit transfer services. We anticipate that each mission will also lay the groundwork for continual improvements and enhancements that we plan to flight-demonstrate on future missions. We plan to offer low-earth orbit transfer services to customers in the future, based in part on the outcome of future missions and the MET demonstration, as well as the results of ongoing ground testing.

The version of our Vigoride vehicle that we flew on our inaugural mission (Vigoride 3) had never been flown in space. In addition, while we have previously flown our first generation MET in space, that mission did not demonstrate the MET’s ability to generate a measured orbit change in space, which is crucial to our ability to maneuver objects in space. Moreover, even if the unit generates thrust, there can be no assurance that other systems and subsystems can be operated in a manner that is sufficiently reliable and efficient to permit full commercialization of the technology.

While the objective of the inaugural mission involving the Vigoride system (Vigoride 3) was to successfully deploy satellites and perform certain maneuvers, we are mindful of the inherent risks involved in the initial use of hardware and complex systems in space given the difficulties of replicating all aspects of the environment and stresses that the system will experience in space during ground-based testing in simulated environments. We expect to learn and

gather valuable data during this inaugural mission of Vigoride as we continue to develop and improve the system and our other systems.

While we are conducting an analysis of the root causes of the anomalies experienced by Vigoride on its inaugural mission (Vigoride 3), there can be no assurance that we will not experience operational or process failures and other problems during future missions. Any failures, delays or setbacks, including the anomalies experienced in our inaugural mission, could harm our reputation and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operation.

We may not receive all required governmental licenses and approvals

We currently hold a license grant from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Commercial Report Sensing Regulatory Affairs (the “NOAA’s CRSRA”) office authorizing our first 10 Vigoride missions. However, the FAA denied a payload review application in May 2021 due to interagency concerns related to our foreign ownership and corporate structure. The FAA denial notice, which was received before we entered into the NSA, indicated that Momentus was engaged in addressing the government’s national security concerns and that the FAA could reconsider the application once that process is complete. As discussed elsewhere in this report, in May 2022 we received a favorable determination from the FAA of its application for payload review for our inaugural Vigoride mission (Vigoride 3). We also continue to progress toward implementation of the NSA, but there can be no assurance that our efforts will satisfy the government's national security concerns in time to obtain licenses or approvals needed for planned future missions.

U.S. government agencies other than the agency to which we apply to for a license or approval may review our applications to the FCC, FAA or other regulatory authorities, including to evaluate the national security implications of an application, which could result in delays. For example, in November 2020, the Committee for the Assessment of Foreign Participation in the United States Telecommunications Service Sector (the “Committee”) requested to review two of our FCC license applications to determine whether approval posed a risk to the national security or law enforcement interests of the United States. While in that instance, the Committee withdrew its request for review without explanation, it is possible that reviews of applications for licenses or approvals by the Committee or other regulatory bodies may occur in the future. Such reviews could delay the issuance of, or result in a denial of, licenses or approvals.

No assurance can be given that we will obtain FAA or FCC authorizations or other authorizations that may be necessary to our business in a timely manner, especially in light of the ongoing U.S. government oversight of Momentus discussed under “Business — Regulatory — National Security Agreement” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 9, 2022. Moreover, there is no guarantee that the FCC, the FAA and other U.S. government agencies will grant the necessary authorizations to operate our spaceflight business as planned, despite our progress toward implementation of the NSA. If we do not receive these approvals in a timely manner, our financial condition, results of operations, backlog and prospects will be materially adversely affected. For example, we have experienced erosion in our backlog from $86 million as of March 4, 2021 to $67 million as of January 31, 2022, to $43 million as of October 31, 2022, as customers chose to cancel their contracts with us and seek alternative providers, partly due to delays in our scheduled missions. If we continue to experience delays in receiving these approvals, we could experience further erosion in our backlog.

We may not be able to convert our orders in backlog into revenue.

As of October 31, 2022, our backlog consisted of approximately $43 million in customer contracts, including options for future services. However, these contracts are cancellable by customers for convenience. If a customer cancels a contract before it is required to pay the last deposit prior to launch, we may not receive all potential revenue from these orders, except for an initial non-refundable deposit which is paid at the time the contract is signed. In certain situations, Momentus may decide to refund customers for their deposits, even though it is not contractually required, to maintain goodwill with customers.

In addition, backlog may be subject to large variations from quarter to quarter and comparisons of backlog from period to period are not necessarily indicative of future revenues. Furthermore, some contracts comprising the backlog are for services scheduled many years in the future, and the economic viability of customers with whom we have contracted is not guaranteed over time. As a result, the contracts comprising our backlog may not result in actual revenue in any particular period, or at all, and the actual revenue from such contracts may differ from our backlog estimates. The timing of receipt of revenues, if any, on projects included in the backlog could change because many factors affect the scheduling of missions and adjustments to contracts may also occur. The failure to realize some portion of our backlog could adversely affect our revenues and gross margins. Furthermore, the presentation of our financial results requires us to make estimates and assumptions that may affect revenue

recognition. In some instances, we could reasonably use different estimates and assumptions, and changes in estimates are likely to occur from period to period. Accordingly, actual results could differ significantly from our estimates.

In addition, if we do not receive regulatory approvals in a timely manner, or our future missions experience anomalies in addition to the issues experienced by our inaugural Vigoride mission (Vigoride 3), our backlog and prospects will be materially adversely affected. For example, we have experienced erosion in our backlog of $86 million as of March 4, 2021 to $67 million as of January 31, 2022 to $43 million as of October 31, 2022, as customers chose to cancel their contracts with us and seek alternative providers due to delays in our scheduled missions as we await receipt of necessary governmental approvals and the anomalies associated with our inaugural Vigoride mission (Vigoride 3). If we continue to experience delays in receiving these approvals or future missions experience significant anomalies, we could experience further erosion in our backlog.

If our spacecraft fail to operate as intended, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The manufacturing, testing, launching and operation of a spacecraft involves complex processes and technology. Our satellites employ advanced technologies and sensors that are exposed to severe environmental stresses that have and could affect the performance of satellites. Hardware component problems and software issues could lead to deterioration in performance or loss of functionality of a spacecraft. In addition, human operators may execute improper commands that may negatively impact a spacecraft performance. Exposure of our spacecraft to an unanticipated catastrophic event, such as collision with space debris, could reduce the performance of, or completely destroy, the affected spacecraft.

For example, the inaugural flight of our Vigoride spacecraft (Vigoride 3) reached low-earth orbit and was able to deploy two out of nine customer satellites, but certain anomalies relating primarily to its communication and power systems limited our ability to communicate with the vehicle. Since that time, the Vigoride spacecraft has deployed five additional customer satellites, and we continue our efforts to deploy other customer satellites but have not yet confirmed the deployment of the remaining two customer satellites. The communication issues have also prevented Vigoride from performing orbit change maneuvers and technology demonstrations that were part of our program to validate our technology in space, and to demonstrate end-to-end in-space transfer and service operations.

During any period of time in which a spacecraft is not operational, we may lose most or all of the revenue that otherwise would have been derived from it. Our inability to repair or replace a defective type of spacecraft or correct any other technical problem in a timely manner could result in a significant loss of revenue. If a spacecraft experiences a significant anomaly such that its type is no longer operational, it would significantly impact our business, prospects and profitability. Additionally, any satellite failures could damage our reputation and ability to obtain future customers for our launch services, prevent us from receiving any payments contingent on a successful launch and increase our insurance rates, which could have a material adverse effect on our business and prospects.

We are currently, and may in the future be, subject to substantial litigation, regulatory actions, government investigations, proceedings and similar actions that could cause us to incur significant legal expenses and which could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results or financial condition.

We are currently, and may in the future be, subject to substantial litigation, regulatory actions, government investigations, proceedings and similar actions including matters related to commercial disputes, intellectual property, employment, securities laws, disclosures, whistleblower, environmental, tax, accounting, class action, and product liability, as well as trade, regulatory and other claims related to our business and our industry. Such matters can be time-consuming, divert management’s attention and resources, cause us to incur significant expenses or liability or require us to change our business practices. Because of the potential risks, expenses and uncertainties of litigation, we may, from time to time, settle disputes, even where we believe that we have meritorious claims or defenses. Because litigation is inherently unpredictable, we cannot assure you that the results of any of these actions will not have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results or financial condition.

On July 15, 2021, July 22, 2021 and August 4, 2021 , three related putative securities class action lawsuits were filed in the United States District Court for the Central District of California against the Company, SRAC, Sponsor, certain officers and directors of SRAC and Mikhail Kokorich, the Company’s co-founder and former CEO, alleging that the defendants omitted certain material information in their public statements and disclosures regarding the Business Combination in violation of the securities laws, and seeking damages on behalf of a putative class of stockholders who purchased SRAC stock between October 7, 2020 and July 13, 2021. On October 20, 2021, the securities class actions were consolidated in the first filed matter under the caption In re Stable Road Acquisition Corp. Securities Litigation (Case No. 2:21-cv-05744-JFW-SHK) and on November 12, 2021 the court-appointed

lead plaintiff filed a consolidated amended complaint against the same defendants as well as certain additional officers and directors of SRAC and current and former officers of the Company. The amended complaint alleges that the defendants made certain material misrepresentations, and omitted certain material information, in their public statements and disclosures regarding the Business Combination, in violation of the securities laws, and seeks damages on behalf of a putative class of stockholders who purchased SRAC stock between October 7, 2020 and July 13, 2021. On February 14, 2022, the defendants filed motions to dismiss the amended complaint. On July 13, 2022 the motions to dismiss were granted in part and denied in part. A jury trial date has been set for November 14, 2023.

On June 16, 2022, a complaint was filed against the Company in the Delaware Court of Chancery (Case. No. 2022-0519) by a stockholder of the Company demanding to inspect the books and records of the Company pursuant to Section 220 of the Delaware General Corporation Law. The stockholder is seeking production of books and records relating to the management of the Company and its disclosures to potential investors in connection with the Business Combination. The matter is currently stayed pending the Company’s production of certain documents to satisfy the stockholder’s requests for inspection. The Company from time to time responds to books and records requests properly submitted pursuant to applicable Delaware law.

On June 20, 2022, a shareholder derivative action was filed by a stockholder on behalf of the Company, in the U.S. District Court for the Central District of California (Case No. 2:22-cv-04212), against the Company (as a nominal defendant), SRAC, and current and former directors of the Company and SRAC. This derivative action alleges the same core allegations as stated in the securities class action litigation. Defendants dispute the allegations and intend to file a motion to dismiss the derivative action.

On July 20, 2022, an action was filed against the Company in New Castle County Superior Court, Delaware, in the Complex Commercial Litigation Division (Case No. N22C-07-133 EMD CCLD), alleging fraudulent inducement and breach of contract arising from two investment contracts pursuant to which plaintiff alleges it invested $4 million in the Company. The plaintiff is seeking damages in excess of $7.6 million, in addition to interests and its attorney’s fees and costs. The Company disputes the allegations and intends to vigorously defend the litigation.

On June 8, 2021, former co-founders and shareholders of the Company, Mikhail Kokorich and Lev Khasis signed a National Security Agreement alongside stock repurchase agreements, whereby they agreed to divest their interests in the Company in exchange for a cash payment and other considerations. The Company has maintained that this release is effective as to various advancement and indemnification claims either individual may have against the Company. On August 16, 2022, Mr. Kokorich filed a verified complaint against Momentus in the Delaware Court of Chancery (Case. No. 2022-0722) seeking indemnification and advancement from Momentus. Momentus disputes the allegations and intends to file a motion to dismiss the action.

These securities class actions, shareholder derivative actions and other current or future litigation matters may be time-consuming, divert management’s attention and resources, cause the Company to incur significant defense and settlement costs or liability, even if we believe the claims asserted against us are without merit. We intend to vigorously defend against all such claims. Because of the potential risks, expenses and uncertainties of litigation, as well as claims for indemnity from various of the parties concerned, we may from time to time, settle disputes, even where we believe that we have meritorious claims or defenses. While a certain amount of insurance coverage is available for expenses or losses associated with current or future lawsuits, this coverage may not be sufficient. Determining reserves for any litigation is a complex, fact-intensive process that is subject to judgment calls. It is possible that a resolution of one or more such proceedings could require us to make substantial payments to satisfy judgments, fines or penalties or to settle claims or proceedings, any of which could harm our business. Based on information currently available, we are unable to estimate reasonably a possible loss or range of possible losses, if any, with regard to the current securities class actions, shareholder derivative actions and other lawsuits; therefore, no litigation reserve has been recorded in our consolidated balance sheet. Although we plan to defend against the securities class actions, shareholder derivative actions and other lawsuits vigorously, we cannot assure that the results of these actions, either individually or in the aggregate, will not have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results or financial condition.

Sales of a significant number of shares of our Class A Stock in the public markets, or the perception that such sales could occur, could depress the market price of our Class A Stock.

The Company entered into an ATM program, and the Company from time to time may sell up to $50.0 million of shares of Class A Stock pursuant to such program. Sales of a substantial number of shares of our Class A Stock in the public markets could depress the market price of our Class A Stock and impair our ability to raise capital through the sale of additional equity securities. We cannot predict the effect that future sales of our Class A Stock would have on the market price of our Class A Stock.

We may fail to continue to meet the listing standards of Nasdaq, and as a result our common stock and publicly traded warrants may be delisted, which could have a material adverse effect on the liquidity and trading price of our common stock and warrants and on our ability to raise capital.

Our common stock and publicly traded warrants currently trade on The Nasdaq Global Select Market. The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC has requirements for our equity securities to remain listed on Nasdaq, including a rule requiring our common stock to maintain a minimum closing bid price of $1.00 per share. The closing price of our common stock could fall below $1.00 per share in the future. If the closing bid price of our common stock falls below $1.00 per share for a period of 30 consecutive trading days, we would expect to receive a notification from Nasdaq that our common stock would be subject to delisting if we do not regain compliance with the minimum bid price requirement within the time period specified by Nasdaq. If we were to receive such a notification, we expect that we would be afforded a grace period of 180 calendar days to regain compliance with the minimum bid price requirement, and that, to regain compliance, our common stock would need to maintain a minimum closing bid price of at least $1.00 per share for at least 10 consecutive trading days. If we fail to meet Nasdaq’s stock price requirements, or if we do not meet Nasdaq’s other listing requirements, we would fail to be in compliance with Nasdaq’s listing standards and our common stock and publicly traded warrants could be delisted from Nasdaq. There can be no assurance that we will continue to meet the minimum bid price requirement or any other Nasdaq listing requirement in the future. If our common stock and publicly traded warrants were to be delisted, the liquidity of our common stock and publicly traded warrants would be adversely affected, their market prices could decrease. We may also face other adverse consequences in such event, such as negative publicity, a decreased ability to obtain additional financing, diminished investor and/or employee confidence, and the loss of business development opportunities, some or all of which may contribute to a further decline in our stock price.

ITEM 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, we issued 246,855 shares of common stock as compensation to a former employee of Momentus Space, LLC. The issuances of such shares were exempt from registration pursuant to Section 4(2) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”) or the rules and regulations promulgated there under, including Rule 701.

ITEM 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities.

None.

ITEM 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.

None.

ITEM 5. Other Information.

None.

Tables of Contents

Item 6. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules


Exhibit Number						Description of Exhibit
2.1†						Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of October 7, 2020, by and among Stable Road Acquisition Corp., Project Marvel First Merger Sub, Inc., Project Marvel Second Merger Sub, LLC, and Momentus Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on October 7, 2020).
10.1*						Sales Agreement, dated September 28, 2022, by and between Momentus Inc. and Stifel, Nicolaus & Company, Incorporated. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 1.1 to the Company Current Report on Form 8-K filed on September 28, 2022)
31.1*						Certification Pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) Under The Securities Act of 1934, As Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
31.2*						Certification Pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) Under The Securities Act of 1934, As Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.1**						Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, As Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.2**						Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, As Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
101.INS*						Inline XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
101.SCH*						XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL*						XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.LAB*						XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE*						XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
101.DEF*						XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
104*						Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted in Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)

__________

* Filed herewith

** Furnished herewith

†Certain of the exhibits and schedules to this Exhibit List have been omitted in accordance with Regulation S-K Item 601(a)(5). The Registrant agrees to furnish a copy of all omitted exhibits and schedules to the SEC upon its request.

Tables of Contents

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.


MOMENTUS INC.

Date: November 8, 2022	By:	/s/ John Rood
	Name:	John Rood
	Title:	Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer)

Date: November 8, 2022	By:	/s/ Jikun Kim
	Name:	Jikun Kim
	Title:	Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)

Document

Exhibit 31.1

CERTIFICATION OF PRINCIPAL EXECUTIVE OFFICER

PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF

THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

I, John Rood, certify that:

1.I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Momentus Inc.;

2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4.The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

a)designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

b)designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c)evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

d)disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

5.The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

a)all significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b)any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

By:

/s/John Rood

Name:

John Rood

Dated:

November 8, 2022

Title:

Chief Executive Officer

Document

Exhibit 31.2

CERTIFICATION OF PRINCIPAL FINANCIAL OFFICER

PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF

THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

I, Jikun Kim, certify that:

1.I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Momentus Inc.;

b)any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

By:

/s/Jikun Kim

Name:

Jikun Kim

Dated:

November 8, 2022

Title:

Chief Financial Officer

Document

Exhibit 32.1

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO

18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF

THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Momentus Inc., a Delaware corporation (the “Company”), on Form 10-Q for the fiscal quarter ended September 30, 2022, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Form 10-Q”), I, John Rood, Chief Executive Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. section 1350, as adopted pursuant section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that to the best of our knowledge:

(i)the Form 10-Q fully complies with the requirements of section 13(a) or section 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended; and

(ii)the information contained in the Form 10-Q fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and result of operations of the Company.

By:

/s/John Rood

Name:

John Rood

Dated:

November 8, 2022

Title:

Chief Executive Officer

This certification shall not be deemed “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), or incorporated by reference in any filing under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Exchange Act, except as shall be expressly set forth by specific reference in such a filing.

Document

Exhibit 32.2

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO

18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF

THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Momentus Inc., a Delaware corporation (the “Company”), on Form 10-Q for the fiscal quarter ended September 30, 2022, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Form 10-Q”), I, Jikun Kim, Chief Financial Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. section 1350, as adopted pursuant section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that to the best of our knowledge:

(i)the Form 10-Q fully complies with the requirements of section 13(a) or section 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended; and

(ii)the information contained in the Form 10-Q fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and result of operations of the Company.

By:

/s/Jikun Kim

Name:

Jikun Kim

Dated:

November 8, 2022

Title:

Chief Financial Officer